Greater spot-nosed monkey

{{Short description|Species of Old World monkey}}

{{Speciesbox

| name = Greater spot-nosed monkey{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 157|id=12100484}}

| image = Putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans).JPG

| status = NT

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = {{cite iucn |author=Cronin, D.T. |author2=Maisels, F. |author3=Gadsby, E.L. |author4=Gonedelé Bi, S. |author5=Ikemeh, R. |author6=Imong, I. |date=2020 |title=Cercopithecus nictitans |volume=2020 |page=e.T4224A166615169 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4224A166615169.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

| genus = Cercopithecus

| species = nictitans

| authority = (Linnaeus, 1766)

| range_map = Cercopithecus nictitans distribution.svg

| range_map_caption = Geographic range

| synonyms = Simia nictitans Linnaeus, 1766

}}

The greater spot-nosed monkey or putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans) is one of the smallest Old World monkeys. It is a guenon of the C. mitis group, native to West Africa and living to some extent in rain forests, but more often in the transition zone between rain forest and savannah. It is primarily arboreal and often associates with monkeys of other species.{{cite journal |author1=Eckardt, W. |author2=Zuberbühler, K. | year = 2004 | title = Cooperation and competition in two forest monkeys | journal = Behavioral Ecology | volume = 15 |issue=3 | pages = 400–411 | doi = 10.1093/beheco/arh032| doi-access = free }} Both their common names come from the monkeys' prominent white nose.

The greater spot-nosed monkey lives in groups consisting of one adult male, a number of adult females, and their dependent offspring.{{cite journal | author = Arnold, K. | author2 = Zuberbühler, K. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2006 | title = The alarm-calling system of adult male putty-nosed monkeys, Cercopithecus nictitans martini | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 643–653 | doi = 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.11.017| s2cid = 53191661 | url = http://doc.rero.ch/record/278292/files/Arnold_K-The_alarm_calling_system-20170110.pdf }} Little recent research has been conducted into its behaviour, and most has concentrated on its auditory communication. Males use three call types which have been described as 'booms', 'pyows', and 'hacks'. These are used in a number of contexts including as alarm calls.

As in some other species of monkeys, the acoustical structure of greater spot-nosed monkey alarm calls it has been argued to vary according to the kind of predator spotted. The monkey reportedly combines different sounds into a sequence, which has an entirely different meaning from the sounds out of which it is made.{{cite journal | author = Arnold, K. | author2 = Zuberbühler, K | name-list-style = amp | year = 2008 | title = Meaningful call combinations in a non-human primate | journal = Current Biology | pmid = 18334192 | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = R202–R203 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.040| hdl = 10023/5788 | s2cid = 31058104 | hdl-access = free }}

File:Young Putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans) on wood.JPG

File:Young Putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans).JPG