Gregory III of Constantinople

{{Short description|Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1445 to 1450}}

{{Infobox Christian leader

| honorific_prefix = Saint

| name = Gregory III of Constantinople

| image =

| image_size =

| caption =

| church = Church of Constantinople

| title = Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

| term = Summer 1445 – Summer 1450

| predecessor = Metrophanes II of Constantinople

| successor = Athanasius II of Constantinople

| birth_name =

| birth_date = Before {{circa}} 1420

| birth_place = Crete, Kingdom of Candia

| death_date = 1459

| death_place = Rome, Papal States

| buried =

| nationality =

| religion = Eastern Catholic Churches
Eastern Orthodox Church (Before 1449)

| education =

| coat_of_arms =

| feast_day =

| venerated = Catholic Church

| saint_title = Wonderworker

| canonized_date = 1459

| canonized_place = Papal State

| canonized_by = Pius II

| patronage = Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Reunification

}}

Gregory III of Constantinople, (surnamed Mammis or Μammas, Greek: Γρηγόριος Μαμμῆς; before {{circa}} 1420 – 1459), was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople within the Church of Constantinople during the period 1445–1450. He was prominent in unsuccessful initiatives toward reunification with the Catholic Church.

Name

Few things are known about his life and his patriarchate. Not even his surname is certain, with the names Mammis or Mammas being probably mocking appellations. In the generally unreliable Chronicum Majus of Makarios Melissenos, it is recorded that he came from Crete and that his real name was Melissenos. In other works he is referred to as Melissenos-Strategopoulos.

Church career

He was tonsured as a monk in {{circa}} 1420 and is considered to have been the confessor of Emperor John VIII Palaiologos.Προκοπίου Τσιμάνη, Από υψηλή σκοπιά οι Πατριάρχαι Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Αθήνα 1981, τόμ. Α΄, σελ. 55. He was a supporter of the Union with the Catholic Church. He played a very active role in the theological discussions. He participated in the preliminary negotiations with Rome at the Council of Florence and later accompanied Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople to the Council of Florence, where he also represented Philotheos of Alexandria. He was elected Patriarch after the death of the also-unionist Patriarch Metrophanes II of Constantinople.

Gregory III did his best to reconcile monks, the church hierarchy, and common people to the agreement reached at Florence, but in vain. He was opposed by Gennadius Scholarius and John Eugenikos, who wrote extensively against the council. Leading anti-Unionist clergy refused to pray for the Emperor in their churches. In 1450, the tension in ecclesiastical circles grew so tense that Gregory III left his post and arrived in Rome in August 1451{{Cite book |first=Donald |last=Nicol |title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 |edition=Second |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1993 |pages=371f |isbn=0-521-43384-3}} (less than two years before the fall of Constantinople). He was cordially received by Pope Nicholas V, who aided him financially. Pro-unionists in the Latin-occupied areas of Greece continued to consider him the legitimate patriarch of Constantinople.

Legacy

Gregory III died in 1459 in Rome. He was honoured as saint and wonder-worker by the Catholic Church. He wrote two dissertations about the confutation of the works of the anti-unionist Bishop Mark of Ephesus and one on the provenance of the Holy Spirit. Some of his letters have been preserved, while three further theological treatises, On the unleavened bread, On the Primacy of the Pope and On the Heavenly Beatitude, remain unpublished.

Notes and references

Bibliography

[http://www.ec-patr.org/list/index.php?lang=gr&id=157 Ecumenical Patriarchate].
[http://syropoulos.co.uk/ecclesiastic.htm GREGORY THE CONFESSOR].