Grevillea banksii
{{Short description|Species of plant in the family Proteaceae native to Queensland}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Grevillia banksii0.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Grevillea
| species = banksii
| authority = R.Br.{{cite web|title=Grevillea banksii|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/106356|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=23 December 2021}}
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|
- Grevillea bancksii Poir. orth. var.
- Grevillea banksii f. albiflora (O.Deg.) O.Deg. & I.Deg.
- Grevillea banksii R.Br. f. banksii
- Grevillea banksii R.Br. var. banksii
- Grevillea banksii var. forsteri Guilf.
- Grevillea forsteri Anon.
- Grevillea forsteri Hulle nom. illeg.
- Grevillea forsterii Anon. orth. var.
- Grevillea robusta var. forsteri L.H.Bailey
- Stylurus banksii (R.Br.) O.Deg. nom. rej.
- Stylurus banksii f. albiflora O.Deg. nom. rej.
- Stylurus banksii (R.Br.) O.Deg. f. banksii nom. rej.
}}
}}
Grevillea banksii, commonly known as Banks' grevillea, Byfield waratah, red flowered silky oak and dwarf silky oak,{{cite web |last1=Makinson |first1=Robert O. |title=Grevillea banksii |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Grevillea%20banksii |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment |access-date=23 December 2021}} and in Hawaii as kāhili flower,{{cite web |last1=Pratt |first1=Linda |last2=Bio |first2=Keali`i |last3=Jacobi |first3=James |title=Survey of roadside alien plants in Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park and adjacent residential areas 2001–2005 |url=https://dspace.lib.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10790/2631/TR032_Prattetal_RoadsideWeedSurveyHAVO.pdf |publisher=University of Hawai'i at Manoa |access-date=23 December 2021}} is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to Queensland. It is an erect shrub or slender tree with divided leaves with four to twelve narrow lobes, and creamy white to bright scarlet and yellow flowers.
Description
Grevillea banksii is an erect, bushy to spindly shrub or slender tree that typically grows to a height of {{cvt|2–10|m}}. It has mostly divided leaves with four to twelve narrowly elliptic to linear lobes {{cvt|50–180|mm}} long and {{cvt|5–15|mm}} wide with the edges turned down or rolled under. The flowers are arranged in more or less cylindrical groups near the ends of branches, each flower on a pedicel {{cvt|3–10|mm}} long along a rachis {{cvt|50–120|mm}} long, and are creamy-white or bright scarlet to crimson. The pistil is {{cvt|32–50|mm}} long and usually glabrous. Flowering occurs from August to October and the fruit is a glabrous follicle {{cvt|15–25|mm}} long.
Taxonomy
Grevillea banksii was first formally described in 1810 by the botanist Robert Brown in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London.{{cite web|title=Grevillea banksii|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/536285|publisher=APNI|access-date=23 December 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Robert |title=On the Proteaceae of Jussieu |journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |date=1810 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=176 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13720#page/184/mode/1up |access-date=23 December 2021}} The specific epithet (banksii) honours Sir Joseph Banks.{{cite web |title=Grevillea banksii |url=http://anpsa.org.au/g-ban.html |publisher=Australian Native Plants Society (Australia) |access-date=23 December 2021}}
Distribution and habitat
Banks' grevillea is mostly found on the Queensland coast from Ipswich to Yeppoon, but sometimes further inland. It mostly grows in woodland and forest, usually in flatter places.
The species has also been introduced to Hawai'i and is an important woody weed in eastern Madagascar where it was introduced, with Acacia dealbata, for erosion control.{{Cite journal|last=Kull|first=C. A.|last2=Tassin|first2=J.|last3=Carriere|first3=S. M.|date=2014-01-01|title=Approaching invasive species in Madagascar|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/mcd/article/view/113595|journal=Madagascar Conservation & Development|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=60–70|doi=10.4314/mcd.v9i2.2|issn=1662-2510|doi-access=free}}
Conservation status
Grevillea banksii has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This is due to the species' extensive distribution, stable population and lack of significant current threats to the population as a whole that merit a threatened category. It is abundant within its range, however, in some sites, the population may be decreasing. Threats to this species include habitat clearing for development and agriculture and weed invasion, particularly from naturalized pasture grasses.{{cite iucn |author=Forster, P. |year=2020 |title=Grevillea banksii |volume=2020 |page=e.T112646682A113309210 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T112646682A113309210.en |access-date=21 December 2023}}
Use in horticulture
Grevillea banksii is one of the most widely cultivated grevilleas and is a parent of hybrids including G. 'Robyn Gordon' and G. 'Superb', G. 'Misty Pink', G. 'Pink Surprise', and G. 'Ned Kelly'.
Toxicity and allergic reactions
The flowers and seed pods contain toxic hydrogen cyanide.Everist, S.L., Poisonous Plants of Australia, Angus & Robertson, 1974. The alkyl resorcinols in G. banksii and Grevillea 'Robyn Gordon' are responsible for contact dermatitis.Menz, J., Rossi, R., Taylor, W.C, Wall, L., Contact dermatitis from Grevillea'Robyn Gordon', Contact Dermatitis, Vol. 15, Iss. 3, pp 126-131, April 2006
References
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite book |author1=Olde, Peter |author2=Marriott, Neil | year = 1995 | title = The Grevillea Book, vol 2 | publisher = Kangaroo Press | location = Sydney | isbn = 978-0-86417-326-3}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q138429}}
Category:Proteales of Australia