Grim's Ditch

The purpose of these earthworks remains a mystery, but as they are too small for military use they may have served to demarcate territory.Sauer (1999) quoted in Henig et al. (2000); p. 28 Some of the Grims Ditches may have had multiple functions.

The name "Grim's Ditch" is Old English in origin. The Anglo-Saxon word dīc was pronounced "deek" in northern England and "deetch" (dīċ) in the south. The method of building this type of earthwork involved digging a trench and forming the upcast soil into a bank alongside it. This practice has resulted in the name dīc being given to either the trench or the bank, and this evolved into two words, ditch and dyke in modern British English.

The origin of the name Grim is shrouded in mystery, but there are several theories as to its origin. Many ancient earthworks of this name exist across England and Wales, pre-dating the Anglo Saxon settlement of Britain. It was common for the Anglo Saxons to name features of unexplained or mysterious origin Grim.

The name Grim was a common Old Danish personal-name during the Viking Age.

*{{cite web |title= Nordic Names – Grim |url= https://www.nordicnames.de/wiki/Grim |publisher= Nordic Names |access-date= 2 May 2023}}

Many English place names are derived from the name, especially in those areas where people of Scandinavian origin settled.

{{efn| The Danes of Viking origin settled in the north and east of England in an area that became known as the Danelaw.}}

{{efn| Examples of Grim place names:

• Grimsby, Lincolnshire
• Grimsthorpe, Lincolnshire
• Grimethorpe, Barnsley, South Yorkshire.
• Grimesthorpe, Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
• Grimshaw, Eccleshill, Lancashire.

}}

The place name Grimston is particularly common.{{efn|GRIMSTON HYBRIDS.{{sfn|Reaney|1969|p=170}} .'Grimston Hybrid' is a convenient term for place-names consisting of a Scandinavian personal-name compounded with Old English tun,{{efn| WiKtionary : Old English < tun >

1. " an enclosed piece of ground "
2. " a village or town "}}

of which Grimston is particularly common. . . . . .{{sfn|Reaney|1969|p=170}} }}

The name was associated with the Norse god Óðinn, known as Wōden to the Anglo Saxons.{{efn| WiKtionary : Old Norse < Grímr >

1. " a male given name, especially one of Óðinn's name ".}} {{efn| See Anglo-Saxon paganism > Deities >

. . .It has been suggested that Woden was also known as Grim . . .the place-name scholar Margaret Gelling cautioned against the view. . .}}

The name was also associated with the attribute of being fierce or "fierce faced".{{efn| WiKtionary : Old Norse < Grímr >

Probably derived from Old Norse gríma (“a kind of face mask”).}} {{efn| Old Norse < grimmr > ” fierce ” '' {{sfn|Arthur|2002|p=53}} }}

{{efn| WiKtionary : Old English < grimm >

1. " fierce, savage, terrible, cruel, angry. "}}

The name may have been used as a metaphor for a person of Danish Viking origin, and hence the Devil.

{{efn| During the Viking Age England was ravaged for years by relentless Viking raids, there was an abundance of anti Danish sentiment that culminated in the St Brice's Day massacre.}}

The name of Wōden is thought by some historians to be evident in Wansdyke, an ancient earthwork of uncertain origin which runs from Wiltshire to Somerset. The historian W. H. Stevenson draws a link between Grim, the Saxon alias for Wōden, and the name of Grim's Dyke:

{{cquote|If there were any evidence that Wōden was also known among the pagan English as Grim, as he was among the Norsemen, we might conclude that "Grims-Dic" was merely the equivalent of "Wodnes-dic". The Devil's Dyke, occasionally met with as the name of ditches, may be compared.|author=W. H. Stevenson|source=The English Historical Review{{cite journal|title=The English Historical Review|date=1902|page=629|editor1=Mandell Creighton |editor2=Justin Winsor |editor3=Samuel Rawson Gardiner |editor4=Reginald Lane Poole |editor5=Sir John Goronwy Edwards}}}}

Frank Stenton notes that there is no direct evidence that Wōden was known in England as Grim, but (citing supporting claims by Professor Eilert Ekwall) states that it was very probable. He mentions three sites named Grimes Wrosen: one outside Colchester in Essex; another in Warwickshire on the route of the Roman road Watling Street; and Credenhill in Herefordshire. These earthworks, Stenton asserts, were either considered to have been the supernatural work of Wōden himself, or sites connected strongly with the cult of Wōden where the Anglo-Saxons worshipped the god.{{cite book|editor-last=Stenton|editor-first=Doris Mary|title=Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England : being the collected papers of Frank Merry Stenton|year=1970|publisher=Clarendon P|location=Oxford|isbn=9780198223146|pages=295–6}} Among Woden's many roles is that of a god of war, and it may be that the Anglo-Saxons perceived the earthworks as military in function and therefore ascribed them to him.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Another suggested origin of Grim may be in the Celtic name Grin or Gryn (Gryan in Irish, a putative origin of the name Ryan), a signifier of the Sun as a divinity.{{cite book|last=Parker|first=John W.|title=The Roads and Railroads, Vehicles, and Modes of Travelling, of Ancient and Modern Countries: With Accounts of Bridges, Tunnels, and Canals, in Various Parts of the World ...|year=1839|publisher=University of Michigan|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPUHAAAAMAAJ&dq=grims+dyke+devil&pg=PA44}}

The identities of Wōden and the Devil have also become conflated, as evidenced in the number of earthworks named after the Devil. As the Anglo-Saxon population converted to the new religion of Christianity, baptised converts renounced the old Saxon Gods along with the works of the Devil. It is thought that, as a result of this Christianisation, place names and features once associated with pre-Christian deities then came to be associated with the Devil. The names Grim, Graeme and Graham are closely connected and many British family and place names have been linked with the etymology of Wōden/Grim/Devil: Grimsby (residence of the Devil), Grimsthorpe (Village of the Devil), Grimshaw (the Devil's Wood), reflected in the use of dragon emblems in heraldry associated with Grim- names.{{cite book|title=The diary of Abraham De la Pryme, the Yorkshire antiquary|year=1870|publisher=Surtees Society/Harvard University|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaYwAAAAYAAJ&dq=grims+dyke+devil&pg=PA153|author1=De la Pryme, Abraham |author2=De la Pryme, Charles |access-date=26 July 2013}} Earthworks bearing names related to Grim or the Devil proliferate around Britain: Grim's Ditches exist in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire and West Yorkshire, and Devil's Dykes exist in Sussex, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk (near Weeting) and Hertfordshire. The Antonine Wall which once separated Scotland from Roman Britain is also sometimes known as Graham's Dyke. In Suffolk, a large Neolithic flint mine is known by the name of Grimes Graves.{{citation |title=Appendix - Extracts from the Proceedings of the Committee |journal=Norfolk Archaeology |volume=7 |year=1872|issue=1 |publisher=Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society |page=362 |doi=10.5284/1076962 |doi-access=free |quote=etymology graeme grim devil.|last1=Anon }}

Beyond Britain, a set of Roman Limes on the borders of Hungary, Romania and Serbia are sometimes known as the Devil's Dykes in Hungarian.

Grim's Bank in West Berkshire runs for {{convert|2.8|mi|km|sigfig=1}} from inside the Atomic Weapons Establishment in Aldermaston, through Ufton Park woods to Ufton Nervet village. At Park Piece there are number of earthworks and Grim's Bank changes direction or may be a separate monument. Excavations in 1978 suggested there were two different earthworks and were most likely to be Iron Age in date.{{Cite journal |last=Astill |first=G G |date=1979 |title=Excavations at Grim's Bank Aldermaston 1978 |journal=Berkshire Archaeological Journal |volume=70 |pages=57–65}} These two parts of Grim's Bank are referred to as Grim's Bank I and Grim's Bank II.{{Cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=B H St J |date=1943 |title=Grim's Bank Padworth Berkshire |journal=Antiquity |volume=17 |via=188-195}}

There is another Grim's Bank running south of Aldworth and Streatley. Excavations have shown that the ditch is not earlier than the third century AD.{{Cite journal |last=Ford |first=S |date=1983 |title=Linear earthworks on the Berkshire Downs |journal=Berkshire Archaeological Journal |volume=71 |pages=1–21}}

File:Graemesdyke Road, Berkhamsted.jpg

{{main|Grim's Ditch (Chilterns)}}

There are three sections of the Chiltern Grim's Ditch in Buckinghamshire:

• A substations section from Park Wood to Hampden House
• Missenden Valley to the Lea
• From King's Ash to county boundary where it continues into Hertfordshire

It is not known if these sections of ditch were once a continuous feature or were built at separate times and had different functions. These sections are most likely to be of Iron Age date.{{Cite journal |last=Dyer |first=James F. |date=March 1963 |title=The Chiltern Grim's Ditch |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/chiltern-grims-ditch/6D91A0FA03CBEB41CFE3E835DAC7E1CE |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=37 |issue=145 |pages=46–49 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00037029 |s2cid=162800262 |issn=0003-598X}}

Gryme's Dyke, a Scheduled Ancient Monument, is one of a number of large linear earthwork dykes around the oppidum at Colchester. Most of the dykes were built in the late Iron Age to define and protect the important settlement centre of Camulodunum (Colchester), though some can be dated to the early Roman period which is probably when Gryme’s Dyke was constructed. The official scheduling says:

"The monument includes the buried and upstanding remains of the middle part of a late Iron Age or Romano-British linear boundary earthwork (Gryme's Dyke) located some 3.5km WSW of Colchester town centre."

"Fragments of pottery and a copied coin of the Emperor Claudius allow the bank to be tentatively dated to the period AD 40-75, perhaps constructed on the eve of the Roman conquest (AD 43), but more probably later and possibly as late as the aftermath of the Boudican revolt (AD 60-61)."{{NHLE |desc=Gryme's Dyke Middle: part of the Iron Age territorial oppidum and Romano-British town of Camulodunum, Non Civil Parish |num=1019960 |accessdate=2022-04-12 }}

File:Grims-dyke-view.jpg

{{main|Grim's Ditch (Harrow)}}

Grim's Ditch also called Grim's Dyke stretches from Harrow Weald to Bushey Heath on the north western edge of Greater London. It extends for some 3 km but has been badly damaged by housing development in the twentieth century. The earthwork runs just south of the former county boundary between Hertfordshire and Middlesex. There is another earthwork close by in Pear Wood, Brockley Hill that has been suggested as an eastern continuation of the Grim's Dyke. This monument is of Roman or post-Roman date{{Cite journal |last=Castle |first=Stephen A |date=1975 |title=Excavations in Pear Wood, Brockley Hill Middlesex 1948 - 1973 |journal=London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Transactions |volume=26 |pages=267–277}} and runs at ninety degrees to Watling Street.

A nearby house built in 1870-72, Grim's Dyke (sometimes also called Graeme's Dyke), was named after the earthworks. The large Victorian Gothic mansion was once the home of the opera librettist W. S. Gilbert and is now operated as a hotel.{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Harrow Weald Common, Grim's Dyke Open Space, The City Open Space |url=http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=HRW020 |publisher=London Parks & Gardens Trust |access-date=2013-01-11 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060004/http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=HRW020 |url-status=dead }} Excavations in the ground of the Grim's Dyke Hotel in 1979{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=R |date=1982 |title=Excavations at Grim's Dyke Harrow 1979 |journal=Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society |volume=33 |pages=173–176}} suggested Grim's Dyke was earlier in date than the Pear Wood monument.

One Hampshire ditch encloses an area of {{convert|16|sqmi|km2}} on the Wiltshire and Dorset borders.{{Cite web |url=http://www.hants.gov.uk/hampshiretreasures/vol05/page224.html |title=Hampshire Treasures, Volume 5 (New Forest) page 224 |access-date=2008-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511113847/http://www.hants.gov.uk/hampshiretreasures/vol05/page224.html |archive-date=2009-05-11 |url-status=dead }} The earthwork runs for about {{convert|14|mi|km}}, and is a double-banked structure with a ditch between the banks. It crosses the present county boundary into Wiltshire. The Royal Commission's survey of Bokerley Dyke disputed the idea of Grim's Ditch being a single monument, and suggested it was a complex of separate sections. English Heritage's monument scheduling suggests that Grim's Ditch may be of Bronze Age or Early Iron Age date.{{NHLE |desc=Grim's Ditch: Old Lodge Copse to Toyd Clump, Bishopstone |num=1003457 |accessdate=2022-04-12 }}

Another can be found in west Hampshire, midway between the villages of Upton and Netherton.

File:Graemesdyke Road, Berkhamsted.jpg

{{main|Grim's Ditch (Chilterns)}}

The route of the Grim's Ditch in Hertfordshire passes through the town of Berkhamsted, and remnants of the earthwork can be seen on Berkhamsted Common. The Historic Environment Record for Hertfordshire suggests that the section on Berkhamsted Common is of Iron Age or early Roman date for the monument is most likely than the Bronze Age (date suggested for the rest of Grim's Ditch because it is larger here and does not follow the contours of the landscape like the rest of Grim's Ditch.{{Cite web |title=Heritage Gateway |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MHT49&resourceID=1008}}{{cite web |title=Section 17 Great Gaddesden to Berkhamsted |url=http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/ChilternsCycleway/Section-17-Great-Gaddesden-to-Berkhamsted.pdf |access-date=29 July 2013 |work=Chilterns Cycleway guides |publisher=The Chilterns AONB}}{{cite web |title=A Brief History |url=http://www.localauthoritypublishing.co.uk/councils/berkhamsted/history.html |access-date=29 July 2013 |work=Berkhamsted Official Guide}}

File:Grim's Ditch Hailey.JPG

There are three linear earthworks in Oxfordshire that are called Grim's Ditch.

The south Oxfordshire Grim's Ditch, also known as the Mongewell Ditch is a {{convert|5|mi|km|adj=on|sigfig=1}} section between Mongewell on the banks of the Thames near Wallingford, and Hayden Farm near Nettlebed in the Chilterns escarpment. Part of the western end was excavated during the building of Winterbrook Bridge, and dated as late Iron Age/early Roman. The ditch has a bank on the north side which suggests that its function was to bar passage into the southernmost part of Oxfordshire.Henig et al. (2000); p. 28

Considering the location of the ditch across the Chiltern Clayland, it is possible that the ditch could have functioned to block movement into Oxfordshire up the Thames valley. The heavier soils behind the ditch are far easier to move over, creating a solid defensive position. However, since a neighbouring set of earthworks, Streatly Ditches, faces north, it would be difficult to come to the conclusion that the two create a barrier against movement up the Thames valley. Furthermore, it could be argued that there is a possibility that people could simply cross the river at Streatley and just avoid both dykes altogether.

In terms of dating, one of the few finds on the site is a coin, dateable to the beginning of the 1st century BC. The ditch can also be compared to the identically-arranged Chichester Entrenchments, dating the ditch to around the Iron Age. The soil composition shows light soils being cleared for tillage and sheep, and clays bearing forest for raising animals, which is also characteristic of the Iron Age.{{Cite journal|url = http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1968/bradley.pdf|title = The South Oxfordshire Grim's Ditch and its Significance|last = Bradley|first = Richard|date = 1968|journal = Oxoniensia|access-date = 22 October 2015}}

There is another separate set of earthworks known as the north Oxfordshire Grim's Ditch to the northwest of Oxford. There are a whole series of discontinuous earthworks with gaps between them. The whole complex covers an area of around 80 km². There are two circuits of earthworks whose relationship is unknown. Excavation has shown the earthworks were built in the late Iron Age and went out of use by the Roman period.{{Cite journal |last=Harden |first=D B |date=1937 |title=Excavations on Grim's Dyke, North Oxfordshire |journal=Oxoniensia |volume=2 |pages=74–92}} There is a suggestion that the earthworks are part of an oppida{{Cite journal |last=Lambrick |first=G |date=1998 |title=Frontier territory along the Thames |journal=British Archaeology |volume=April |pages=12–13}} but if this is the case then it would be the largest one in Britain.

The north Oxfordshire Grim's Ditch is visible as a shallow ditch and a raised area south of North Leigh (accessible from the New Yatt footpath), in the woods west of Stonesfield (near the Blenheim Park boundary wall), running north near Grim's Dyke Farm at Glympton Assets, in the woods to the north of Glympton Assets and south-east of Ditchley Park.

A third Grim's Ditch is found on the Berkshire Downs and lies north of the county boundary between Oxfordshire and West Berkshire, running for {{convert|5|mi|km|sigfig=1}} near the Ridgeway, above the Oxfordshire villages of Ardington, Hendred and Chilton. This is thought to be of late Bronze Age date.{{Cite journal |last=Ford |first=S |date=1982 |title=Field work and excavation on the Berkshire Grims Ditch |journal=Oxoniensia |volume=47 |pages=13–36}}

The West Yorkshire Grim’s Ditch was recognised in the 1970s through the work of Dr Margaret Faull on the place names of West Yorkshire. It had escaped the attention of Yorkshire antiquarians because of the poor state of preservation. The Grim’s Ditch runs north to south between Leeds and Castleford with the ditch is the eastern side.{{clarify|reason=Eastern side of what?|date=April 2023}} Late medieval documents only refer to the northern section as Grim’s Ditch. The Grim’s Ditch needed substantial effort to build as the ditch was cut into the shale bedrock in parts.{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=Mark |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779864488 |title=The archaeology of the dykes : from the Romans to Offa's dyke |date=2012 |publisher=Amberley |isbn=978-1-4456-0133-5 |location=Stroud |oclc=779864488}} Radiocarbon dates from material excavated during archaeological work on the A1 (M) upgrading showed the Grim's Ditch was probably Iron Age in date with possible Roman reuse.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49330156 |title=A new link to the past: the archaeological landscape of the M1-A1 Link Road |date=2001 |publisher=West Yorkshire Archaeology Service |others=Ian Roberts, A. Burgess, D. Berg, West Yorkshire Archaeology Service |isbn=1-870453-26-3 |location=Morley |oclc=49330156}} A length of the ditch at Brown Moor east of Leeds is preserved underground and is a scheduled monument.{{NHLE|num=1020350|desc=Length of Grim's Ditch 260m west of Brown Moor Farm|accessdate=20 April 2023}}

{{GeoGroup}}

• Anglo-Saxon paganism
• Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire, an earthen barrier in eastern Cambridgeshire
• Devil's Dyke, Hertfordshire, a prehistoric defensive ditch in Hertfordshire
• Toponymy of England

{{commons category|Grim's Ditches|position=left}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Arthur |first1=Ross G. |title= English-Old Norse Dictionary

|year=2002 |publisher= In Parentheses Publications }}

• {{cite book|last1=Reaney |first1=P H |title= The Origin of English Place Names

|year= 1969 |publisher= Routledge & Kegan Paul }}

• Henig, M, Booth, P. and Allen, T. (2000) Roman Oxfordshire, Sutton Publ, 244 p, {{ISBN|0-7509-1959-0}}
• Sauer, E. (1999) "Middleton Stoney/Upper Heyford, Aves Ditch, earthwork and tribal boundary of the Iron Age", South Midland Archaeol., 29, 65–69

Category:Archaeological sites in England

Category:Archaeological sites in Berkshire

Category:Archaeological sites in Hampshire

Category:Archaeological sites in Oxfordshire

Category:Ancient dikes

Category:Linear earthworks