Grogarnsberget
{{Short description|Protected area in Östergarn, Sweden}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Grogarnsberget
| other_name = Grogranshuvud
| photo = Grogarnsberget (19).JPG
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = Grogarnsberget plateau
| map = Sweden Gotland
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Grogarnsberget position on Gotland
| map_relief =
| map_size = 150px
| location = Östergarn, Gotland, Sweden
| coordinates = {{coord|57|26|34.4|N|18|53|22.4|E|type:mountain_region:SE_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| type = Carbonate platform plateau
| age = Homerian (late Wenlock, mid Silurian)
| parent = Part of the Fröjel Formation
| range_coordinates =
}}
Grogarnsberget or Grogarnsberg (lit. "The Grogarn Mountain" more appropriate "Grogarn Hill") is a plateau hill on the Östergarn coast, on the Swedish island of Gotland. On the hill are the remains of former hillfort, the second largest on Gotland and the fourth largest in Scandinavia.
Geography
The hill is on the northeast coast of the most eastern part of Gotland. It is approximately {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} high with steep cliffs on three sides. The hill provides a good view of Östergarnsholm with its two lighthouses. In the west, east and south are the historic harbors Katthammarsvik, Herrvik, and Sandviken, formerly starting points for journeys across the Baltic Sea to the Baltic.{{cite web|last1=Enderborg|first1=Bernt|title=Sandviken|url=http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=78|website=www.guteinfo.com|publisher=Guteinfo|access-date=13 June 2016}}{{cite web|last1=Henriksson|first1=Greta|title=Östergarn|url=http://www.gotland.se/KMP/ostergarn|website=www.gotland.se|publisher=Gotland Municipality|access-date=13 June 2016}}
The Grogarnsberget is also a nature reserve and it is designated a Natura 2000 area. Established in 2007, it covers {{convert|252|ha|acre|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/gotland/Sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/naturreservat/grogarnsberget/Pages/index.aspx|website=www.lansstyrelsen.se|publisher=Gotland County Administrative Board|language=sv|title=Grogarnsberget Nature Reserve|access-date=31 January 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/SE0340152|website=European Environment Agency|title=Grogarnsberget|access-date=15 January 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/gotland/SiteCollectionDocuments/sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/natura-2000/natura-2000-pa-gotland/grogarnsberget.pdf|website=www.lansstyrelsen.se|publisher=Gotland County Administrative Board|language=sv|title=Grogarnsberget Natura 2000|access-date=31 January 2012|format=PDF; 307 kB}}
Hillfort
The castle, or fort, was built on Grogarnshuvud ("The Grogarn Head"), the northern tip of Grogarnsberget. The {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} high sea cliffs provided protection on three sides. In the south there were two {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} long stone walls with palisades. From the site of the former castle, other major hillforts in the region are visible. Archaeological investigations of the outer ramparts turned up arrowheads from the late Vendel Period (550-800 AD), which provided a clue as to the dating of the castle.Aleksander Loit (ed.): The contacts between the eastern Baltic and Scandinavia in the Early Middle Ages. International Conference, 23–25 October 1990, Riga. Centre for Baltic Studies, Stockholm 1992, {{ISBN|91-22-01503-5}}, p be 53 A number of wooden posts were also found, probably formerly part of the palisades, that were dated to 740 AD. Nordic Archaeological Abstracts, Viborg 1984 {{ISSN | 0105-6492}}, p 125 The fort had both an outer and an inner wall.
There are 82 such forts known on Gotland. Most of them has an interior surface of less than {{convert|800|m2|ft2|abbr=on}}. The one on Grogarnsberget, however, measures {{convert|450|x|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} ({{convert|45000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}}), making it one of the two largest hillforts on the island. House foundations from the Roman Iron Age – the Migration Period – were found inside the fortifications, unlike any other hillforts on the island.
The largest hillfort in Scandinavia is Halleberg in Västergötland, Sweden at about {{convert|20|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{cite web|title=Fornborgen|trans-title=The Hillfort|url=http://www.tunhemsbygden.se/fornborgen.html|website=www.tunhemsbygden.se|publisher=Västra Tunhems Hembygdsförening|access-date=13 June 2016}} the second largest is Lollands Österborg on east Lolland, Denmark at about {{convert|5|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}{{cite journal|last1=Thorsen|first1=Sven|title=En to-tre folkeborge - én på Falster, og to på Lolland|date=2001|volume=89|pages=5–16}} and the third largest is Torsburgen on Gotland, Sweden at about {{convert|1.2|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|title=Torsburgen|url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Gotland/Sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/naturreservat/torsburgen/Pages/index.aspx|website=www.lansstyrelsen.se|publisher=Gotland County Administrative Board|access-date=13 June 2016}}
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
= Bibliography =
- {{cite book|last1=Johsson|first1=Marita|last2=Hejdström|first2=Raymond|last3=Lindquist|first3=Sven-Olof|last4=Bohn|first4=Robert|title=Kulturführer Gotland|publisher=Gotland Museum|date=1993|isbn=91-88036-09-X|id={{LIBRIS|7768504}}|language=de|edition=1}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- {{cite web |url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/gotland/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/naturreservat/grogarnsberget-infoskylt.pdf |website=Länsstyrelsen Gotland | language = sv | title=Information board |access-date=31 January 2012 |format=PDF; 1.5 MB}}
{{Gotland County}}
Category:Nature reserves in Sweden
Category:Geography of Gotland County
Category:Natura 2000 in Sweden