Group of Three

The United States became the third most-populous country after China and India in the 1990s after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1991-02.pdf |title=Population and Area (Historical Censuses) |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=June 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624185938/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1991-02.pdf |archive-date=June 24, 2008 |url-status=live }}Almanaque Mundial 1996, Editorial América/Televisa, Mexico, 1995, pp. 548–552 (Demografía/Biometría table).

{{main|Quadrilateral Security Dialogue}}

In early 2007, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe proposed the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, under which India would join a formal multilateral dialogue with Japan, the United States and Australia.Brewster, David(2010). "The Australia-India Security Declaration: The Quadrilateral Redux?". ANU.{{cite web |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html |date=22 August 2007 |title="Confluence of the Two Seas" Speech by H.E.Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan at the Parliament of the Republic of India |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan |access-date=14 February 2021}} This grouping became known as the Quad.{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Sarah |title=Albanese insists 'we will determine our values' after Chinese premier reaches out to new PM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/may/24/anthony-albanese-tells-quad-summit-australia-will-help-build-stronger-indo-pacific |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=24 May 2022 |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=A. Smith |first=Sheila |date=27 May 2021 |title=The Quad in the Indo-Pacific: What to Know |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/quad-indo-pacific-what-know |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}} is a grouping of Australia, India, Japan, and the United States that is maintained by talks between member countries. The grouping follows the "Tsunami Core Group" and its "new type of diplomacy" developed in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.{{Cite web |last1=Buchan |first1=Patrick Gerard |last2=Rimland |first2=Benjamin |date=16 March 2020 |title=Defining the Diamond: The Past, Present, and Future of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/defining-diamond-past-present-and-future-quadrilateral-security-dialogue |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=CSIS.org}} The partnership is known formally as the "Quad," not the "Quadrilateral Security Dialogue," noting its nature as a diplomatic, not security, partnership.{{Cite web |title=The Quad |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/quad |website=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}} The "Quadrilateral Security Dialogue" is a misnomer not used officially by the Quad governments.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The initiation of an American, Japanese, Australian and Indian defense arrangement, modeled on the concept of a Democratic Peace, was credited to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.Chellaney, Brahma. [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/eo20081103bc.html "Different playbooks aimed at balancing Asia’s powers"]. The Japan Times, 3 November 2008 (originally published by the BBC Monitoring South Asia). The Quad was supposed to establish an "Asian Arc of Democracy", envisioned to ultimately include countries in Central Asia, Mongolia, the Korean Peninsula, and other countries in Southeast Asia: "virtually all the countries on China’s periphery, except for China itself." This led some critics, such as former U.S. State Department official Morton Abramowitz, to call the project "an anti-Chinese move",Ching, Frank. [https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2008/04/171_19480.html "Asian Arc of Democracy"] Korea Times, 24 February 2008. while others have called it a "democratic challenge" to the projected Chinese century, mounted by Asian powers in coordination with the United States. While China has traditionally favored the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Quad was viewed as an "Asian NATO;" Daniel Twining of the German Marshall Fund of the United States has written that the arrangement "could lead to military conflict," or could instead "lay an enduring foundation for peace" if China becomes a democratic leader in Asia.Twining, Daniel. [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/29d6bc30-6bc9-11dc-863b-0000779fd2ac.html "The new Asian order’s challenge to China"]. Financial Times, 26 September 2007.

During the 2017 ASEAN Summits in Manila, all four former members led by Abe, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and US President Donald Trump agreed to revive the Quad partnership in order to counter China militarily and diplomatically in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in the South China Sea. Tensions between Quad members and China have led to fears of what was dubbed by some commentators "a new Cold War" in the region,{{cite news |last1=Jamali |first1=Naveed |last2=O'Connor |first2=Tom |title=US, China's Geopolitical Battle for Asia Shapes New Power Dynamic for Region |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-china-geopolitical-battle-asia-shapes-power-dynamics-region-1541509 |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=Newsweek |date=22 October 2020}}{{cite news |last1=Heydarian |first1=Richard |title=Quad summit next step towards an Asian NATO |url=https://asiatimes.com/2021/03/quad-summit-next-step-towards-an-asian-nato/ |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=Asia Times |date=13 March 2021}}{{cite news |last1=Kobara |first1=Junnosuke |last2=Moriyasu |first2=Ken |title=Japan will turn to Quad in 'new Cold War': Defense Ministry think tank |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Japan-will-turn-to-Quad-in-new-Cold-War-Defense-Ministry-think-tank |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=Nikkei Asia |date=27 March 2021}}{{cite news |last1=Rasheed |first1=Zaheena |title=What is the Quad and can it counter China's rise? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/25/what-is-the-quad-can-us-india-japan-and-australia-deter-china |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=Al Jazeera |date=25 November 2020}}{{cite news |last1=Power |first1=John |title=What is the Quad, and how will it impact US-China relations under the Biden administration? |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/explained/article/3122933/what-quad-and-how-will-it-impact-us-china-relations-under-biden |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=South China Morning Post |date=24 February 2021}} and the Chinese government responded to the Quad dialogue by issuing formal diplomatic protests to its members, calling it "Asian NATO".{{cite news |author1=DIPANJAN ROY CHAUDHURY |title=India never had a NATO mentality: EAM S Jaishankar |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-never-had-a-nato-mentality-eam-s-jaishankar/articleshow/82071959.cms}}

China sent diplomatic protests to all four members of the Quad before any formal convention of its members.Nicholson, Brendan. [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/china-warns-canberra-on-pact/2007/06/14/1181414466861.html "China warns Canberra on security pact"]. The Age, 15 June 2007. In May 2007 in Manila, Australian Prime Minister John Howard participated with other members in the inaugural meeting of the Quad at Cheney's urging, one month after joint naval exercises near Tokyo by India, Japan and the United States. In September 2007 further naval exercises were held in the Bay of Bengal, including Australia. These were followed in October by a further security agreement between Japan and India, ratified during a visit by Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to Tokyo, to promote sea lane safety and defence collaboration; Japan had previously established such an agreement only with Australia.

Though the Quadrilateral initiative of the Bush administration improved relationships with New Delhi, it gave the impression of "encircling" China. The security agreement between Japan and India furthermore made China conspicuous as absent on the list of Japan's strategic partners in Asia. These moves appeared to "institutionally alienate" China, the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), and promote a "Washington-centric" ring of alliances in Asia.Lee, John, "Bush legacy: Better US-India relations." The Straits Times (Singapore), 8 October 2009.Editorial: "China left out in India-Japan pact". The Business Times Singapore, 28 October 2008.

The Japanese Prime Minister succeeding Abe, Taro Aso, downplayed the importance of China in the Japan-India pact signed following the creation of the Quad, stating, "There was mention of China – and we do not have any assumption of a third country as a target such as China." Indian Foreign Secretary Shiv Shankar Menon similarly argued that the defence agreement was long overdue because of Indian freight trade with Japan, and did not specifically target China.Varadarajan, Siddharth. "Indian PM stresses economic, security ties with Japan not at cost of China." The Hindu (via BBC Monitoring South Asia), 23 October 2008. {{ProQuest|460061567}} On the cusp of visits to China and meetings with Prime Minister Wen Jiabao and President Hu Jintao in January 2008, the Indian prime minister, Manmohan Singh, declared that "India is not part of any so-called contain China effort," after being asked about the Quad.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080112213919/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/11/stories/2008011164001200.htm "PM says India not part of “so called contain China” effort"] The Hindu, 11 January 2008.

{{Main|China–India relations|India-United States relations|Look East policy (India)}}

China and India's economic growth led to observers predicting they will grow in geopolitical influence to shape a "new G3" alongside the United States.{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-india-shaping-the-new-g3-2580170|title=India shaping the new G3|last=Merchant|first=Minhaz|date=1 February 2018}}

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his opening statement, on 24 May 2022, remarked the Quad has gained a significant place on the world stage and that it is a “force for good” for the Indo-Pacific region.{{Cite web |title=Quad A Force For Good, Makes Indo-Pacific Better, Says PM Modi: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modis-at-quad-summit-in-tokyo-quad-a-force-for-good-helps-make-a-better-indo-pacific-region-3003210 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=NDTV.com}} The 2024 Quad meeting was originally set to be hosted by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and was scheduled to be held in January immediately following Republic Day in India.{{Cite web |last=Mattoo |first=Shashank |date=13 December 2023 |title=Quad meet moved to late 2024 with Biden expected to pass on Republic Day invite |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/quad-meet-moved-to-late-2024-with-biden-expected-to-pass-on-republic-day-invite-11702407612323.html |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=mint |language=en}} The meeting was then postponed to September in that year and was hosted by US president Joe Biden in Delaware, United States.{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=5 February 2024 |title=Quad summit more likely after the U.S. elections in November: American envoy Garcetti |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/quad-summit-more-likely-after-the-us-elections-in-november-american-envoy-garcetti/article67815260.ece |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}} During a visit by Eric Garcetti, the idea of a QUAD satellite, to be built in co-operation between the US and India was mooted.{{Cite web |title=The Ambassador of the United States to India visited ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Ambassador_UnitedStates_visited_ISRO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524112904/https://www.isro.gov.in/Ambassador_UnitedStates_visited_ISRO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=www.isro.gov.in}} The summit held on 21 September 2024 committed the nations to the Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative, and to the elimination of cervical cancer.{{Cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Erin L. |last2=Bliss |first2=Katherine E. |last3=Morrison |first3=J. Stephen |date=22 October 2024 |title=The Quad's Cancer Moonshot Initiative |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/quads-cancer-moonshot-initiative |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=CSIS.org}}{{Cite news |last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl Gay |date=21 September 2024 |title=Biden Hosts a Final 'Quad Summit' at His Delaware Home |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/us/politics/biden-quad-summit.html |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

The joint statement of the Quad foreign ministers' meeting on 21 January 2025 affirmed strengthening a free and open Indo-Pacific, and its opposition to "any unilateral actions that seek to change the status quo by force or coercion".{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement by the Quad Foreign Ministers |url=https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-by-the-quad-foreign-ministers/ |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}} The statement did not mention the Quad's commitment to denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula,{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Quad joint statement omits reference to Korean Peninsula denuclearization |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2025/01/103_390969.html |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=The Korea Times |language=en}} signalling the US government's shift to recognize North Korea as nuclear state.{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=Trump calls North Korea a 'nuclear power,' drawing a rebuke from Seoul |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/trump-calls-north-korea-nuclear-power-drawing-rebuke-seoul-rcna188490 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=NBC News |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=15 January 2025 |title=South Korea says North not a 'nuclear power' following Hegseth's confirmation hearing remarks |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2025-01-15/national/diplomacy/South-Korea-says-North-not-a-nuclear-power-following-Hegseths-confirmation-hearing-remarks/2223015 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Korea Joongang Daily |language=en}}

{{Main|Indo-Pacific}}

India and the United States have played a major role in purposefully redefining the "Asia-Pacific" as the "Indo-Pacific", to deepen trans-regional ties between the Indian and Pacific Ocean areas, and to, in their words, deal more effectively with the rise of China in Asia, the Middle East and Africa.{{cite web |url=https://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/publication-pdf/CANADA%20AND%20THE%20INDO-PACIFIC%20%281%29.pdf |title=Canada and the Indo-Pacific |website=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada |date=September 2020 |access-date=9 April 2021}}{{cite web |title=Towards a Quad-Plus Arrangement? |url=https://perthusasia.edu.au/our-work/towards-a-quad-plus-arrangement |website=Perth USAsia Centre |access-date=5 May 2020}} The term "Indo-Pacific" gained traction in the political lexicon and strategic thinking of not only between India and China, but also ASEAN,{{cite web |url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/asia-pacific/ari29-2021-wacker-europe-and-the-indo-pacific-comparing-france-germany-and-the-netherlands |date=9 March 2021 |title=Europe and the Indo-Pacific: comparing France, Germany and the Netherlands |author=Gudrun Wacker |website=Elcano Royal Institute |access-date=9 April 2021}} the European Union, the United Kingdom, France,{{cite web |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/12/12/frances-indo-pacific-strategy-inclusive-and-principled/ |date=12 December 2019 |title=France's Indo-Pacific strategy: inclusive and principled |website=East Asia Forum |access-date=9 April 2021}} Germany,{{cite web |url=https://www.eias.org/news/risk-diversification-germany-joins-the-indo-pacific-policy-arena/ |date=10 November 2020 |title=Risk Diversification: Germany Joins the Indo-Pacific Policy Arena |author=Caroline Tang |website=European Institute for Asian Studies |access-date=9 April 2021}} and the Netherlands.{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/following-france-and-germany-the-netherlands-pivots-to-the-indo-pacific/ |date=18 November 2020 |title=Following France and Germany, the Netherlands Pivots to the Indo-Pacific |website=The Diplomat |author=Sebastian Strangio |access-date=9 April 2021}}

President of the World Economic Forum Borge Brende promoted the idea of a Group of Three between China, India, and the United States since 2023.{{cite web |first=Manoj |last=Kumar |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/visualstories/news/india-us-and-china-will-lead-the-new-world-order-president-of-world-economic-forum-predicts-the-emergence-of-india-as-a-global-super-power-58837-28-08-2023 |title=India, China, and the U.S. Will Lead the New World Order |date=28 August 2023}} Brende noted India in 2023 was "the fastest-growing major economy for the third consecutive year". {{cite web|title='India, US and China will lead the New World Order': President of World Economic Forum predicts the emergence of India as a global super power|last=Mishra|first=Tarun|work=Business Today|date=26 August 2023 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india-at-100/story/india-us-and-china-will-lead-the-new-world-order-president-of-world-economic-forum-predicts-the-emergence-of-india-as-a-global-super-power-395715-2023-08-26}} The same year, Michael Klare argued the G-3 would increasingly shape the twenty-first century given the weakness of Russia displayed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.{{cite web |last=Klare |first=Michael |title=Goodbye to American Century: China and India Now Rising |date=19 May 2023 |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/goodbye-to-american-century-china-and-india-now-rising/#}}

In 2024, Brende reaffirmed his support for the concept of a G3 based on economic growth, saying "This notion of G3 is now becoming a fact".{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india-today-conclave-2024/story/20240401-indias-path-to-a-10-trillion-economy-india-has-made-g3-a-fact-2518177-2024-03-22|title=India's path to a $10 trillion economy; India has made G3 a fact|work=IndiaToday|date=22 March 2024 }} Although some sources claim Brende first coined the term G3, it was used before him.

While the G3 usually refers to China, India, and the United States, some sources replace India with another entity.

From the 1990s until 2006, the term referred to the G3 Free Trade Agreement between Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. The trade agreement lasted from 1995 to 2006, when Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez announced that his country would withdraw from the trade bloc.{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000086&sid=a._1nxVgPqe8 |title=Bloomberg.com: Latin America |website=www.bloomberg.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930045948/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000086&sid=a._1nxVgPqe8&refer=latin_america |archive-date=2007-09-30}}

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace once used the term to mean the growing power of the European Union instead of India.{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/us-china-relations-for-the-2030s-toward-a-realistic-scenario-for-coexistence?lang=en |title=US-China Relations for the 2030s: Towards a Realistic Scenario for Coexistance? |work=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}} Since Brexit, the European Union is currently composed of 27 member states known as the EU 27.

Eurasia Review ran an opinion column using the term with Russia rather than India.{{cite web |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/31122024-2025-prediction-is-g3-in-the-making-oped/ |title=2025 Prediction: Is G3 in the Making? |first=Lim |last=Teck Ghee|date=31 December 2024 }}

• G20
• Group of Two
• China–United States relations
• China-India relations
• India-United States relations
• Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

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