Gulf of St. Lawrence

The Gulf of St. Lawrence is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula and Quebec, on the east by Saint-Pierre and Newfoundland, on the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, and on the west by the Gaspé Peninsula, New Brunswick, and Quebec. The Gulf of St. Lawrence contains numerous islands, including Anticosti, Prince Edward, Saint Pierre, Cape Breton, Miquelon-Langlade, and the Îles-de-la-Madeleine archipelago.

Half of Canada's ten provinces adjoin the Gulf: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec.

There is no consensus on the demarcation of the St Lawrence River from the Gulf, nor whether it is hydrographically a gulf or an estuary.{{cite web |author1=Lionel Groulx |title=History of French Canada since the Discovery |url=https://fondationlionelgroulx.org/sites/default/files/documents/lionel-groulx-histoire-du-canada-francais-depuis-la-decouverte-tome-1.pdf |publisher=Fides, Montreal and Paris |access-date=23 February 2024 |pages=16 of 404 |language=fr |date=1960 |quote=In the absence of decisive, first-hand documents, historians and cartographers can only assert probabilities.}}{{cite web |author1=Jean-Claude Therriault |title=The Gulf of St. Lawrence: Small Ocean or Big Estuary |url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library-bibliotheque/20971_1.pdf |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |access-date=23 February 2024 |pages=359 |language=en, fr |quote=The Gulf of St. Lawrence contains a wide range of hydrodynamic conditions including seasonal ice cover, polynyas, fronts, gyres, freshwater input and influences, and large seasonal variations in vertical stratification.}}{{cite web |title=Gulf of St. Lawrence |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulf-of-Saint-Lawrence |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia |access-date=23 February 2024 |date=2024-02-20}}

According to Commission of Toponymy Quebec, the St. Lawrence River becomes the gulf at Pointe des Monts on the Côte-Nord and Matane Bas-Saint-Laurent or Sainte-Anne-des-Monts La Haute-Gaspésie, the Estuary is upstream, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, much wider, downstream.{{cite web |title=Gulf of St. Lawrence |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=57035 |website=Commission de toponymie Quebec |publisher=Government of Quebec |access-date=23 February 2024 |language=fr |date=1968-12-05 |quote=Sixteenth-century cartographers, historians and memorialists were most often inspired by the Spanish and Italian translations of the Brief récit, and not by the original French published in 1545 to impose the toponym Gulf of St. Lawrence}}{{cite web |title=Pointe des Monts |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=42200 |website=Commission de toponymie Quebec |publisher=Government of Quebec |access-date=24 February 2024 |language=fr |date=1968-12-05 |quote=These points serve as a boundary between the Estuary of the St. Lawrence River upstream and the much wider Gulf of St. Lawrence downstream}}

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the gulf's extent as follows:{{cite web |title=Gulf of St. Lawrence |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |website=Limits of Oceans and Seas |publisher=International Hydrographic organization |access-date=19 February 2024 |pages=14 of 42 |date=1953 |quote=Limits of Oceans and Seas}}

:On the Northeast: A line running from Cape Bauld (North point of Kirpon Island, {{Coord|51|40|N|55|25|W|display=inline}}) to the East extreme of Belle Isle{{cite web |title=Strait of Belle Isle |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=228162 |website=Gouvernement of Quebec |publisher=Commission de Toponymy Quebec |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=fr |date=13 December 1988 |quote=In addition to Grande Bay, this arm of the sea had notably borne the names of Friar Lewis, on maps from 1505, then Gulf of Chasteaulx, Charles Streights and Passage du Nord which a cartographer describes as "subject to Glaces” later in the 16th and during the 17th century.}} and on to the Northeast Ledge ({{Coord|52|02|N|55|15|W|display=inline}}). Thence a line joining this ledge with the East extreme of Cape St. Charles (52°13'N) in Labrador.

:On the Southeast: A line from Cape Canso ({{Coord|45|20|N|61|0|W|display=inline}}) to Red Point ({{Coord|45|35|N|60|45|W|display=inline}}) in Cape Breton Island, through this Island to Cape Breton [{{coord|45|57|N|59|47|W|display=inline}}] and on to Pointe Blanche ({{Coord|46|45|N|56|11|W|display=inline}}) in the Island of St. Pierre, and thence to the southwest point of Morgan Island ({{Coord|46|51|N|55|49|W|display=inline}}).

:On the West: The meridian of 64°30'W from Pointe-Jaune ({{coord|49.06|N|64.5|W|format=dms|display=inline}}) to Magpie ({{coord|50.31|N|64.5|W|format=dms|display=inline}}), but the whole of Anticosti Island is included in the Gulf.

Image:011_015_Pointe_des_Monts.jpg]]

At Baie-Trinité, the Pointe-des-Monts Lighthouse, a National historic site of Canada, was built in 1829–1830 on a point that geographers throughout history, since as early as Samuel de Champlain (1567–1655), have classified as the demarcation point between the St. Lawrence River and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.{{cite web |title=The Pointe-des-Monts Lighthouse |url=https://www.pharedepointedesmonts.com/ |publisher=Corporation de Promotion et de Développement du site du Phare historique de Pointe‑des‑Monts |access-date=25 February 2024 |language=fr |date=2024 |quote=Built on a rocky outcrop that forms an islet at high tide, the lighthouse bears witness to a time when navigation in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was perilous.}}{{cite web |author1=Edward F. Bush |title=The Canadian Lighthouse |url=http://parkscanadahistory.com/series/chs/9/chs9-eng.pdf |publisher=National Historic Parks and Sites, Branch, Indian and Northern Affairs |access-date=25 February 2024 |pages=55 of 188 |date=1975 |quote=The first lighthouse, completed in 1830, had walls six feet thick at the base, tapering to two feet at the lantern deck.20}}

Fisheries and Oceans Canada's "Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence planning area" covers most of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence bioregion, an area with some of the warmest surface waters in Atlantic Canada during summer and the largest amount of sea ice during winter. The planning area is approximately 240,000 km².{{cite web |title=Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence |url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/planning-planification/areas-aires/estuary-gulf-st-lawrence-estuaire-golfe-saint-laurent-eng.html |website=Government of Canada |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=2023-01-27 |quote=The area represents one of the largest and most productive estuarine/marine ecosystems in Canada and in the world.}}

Besides the St. Lawrence itself, significant rivers emptying into the Gulf of St. Lawrence include the Miramichi, Natashquan, Romaine, Restigouche, Margaree, Humber and Mingan.

Branches of the Gulf include Chaleur Bay, Fortune Bay, Miramichi Bay, St. George's Bay, Bay St. George, Bay of Islands, and the Northumberland Strait.

Image:Detroit_Belle_Isle_960718_11_3557_2360.jpg, as seen from Blanc Sablon, Quebec]]

Around Anticosti Island and to flow into the Atlantic Ocean, the waters of the Gulf take the following straits:

• Jacques Cartier Strait, between the shore of Côte-Nord region and the North of Anticosti Island.{{cite web |title=Canadian sailing directions. ATL 110, St. Lawrence River, Cap Whittle/Cap Gaspé to Les Escoumins and Anticosti Island. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2023/mpo-dfo/Fs74-52-2023-11-eng.pdf |website=Fischeries and Oceans Canada |publisher=Canadian Hydrographic Service |access-date=6 September 2024 |pages=9 of 89 |date=November 2023 |quote=... covers the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence River, from Cap Whittle (50°11'N, 60°07'W) to Pointe des Monts (49°19'N, 67°23'W), as well as the north shore of Anticosti Island.}}
• Honguedo Strait, a wide passage between the Gaspé Peninsula and Anticosti Island.{{cite web |title=Honguedo Strait, toponymy |url=https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=28928 |website=Gouvernement of Quebec |publisher=Commission de Toponymy Quebec |access-date=22 September 2024 |language=fr |date=5 December 1968 |quote=The Commission de géographie du Québec, now the Commission de toponymie, adopted this toponym in 1934 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the arrival of Jacques Cartier in New France.}}
• Strait of Belle Isle between Labrador and Newfoundland: between {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=off}} and {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide and {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=off}} deep at its deepest.
• Cabot Strait, about 56 miles wide, is the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence between Cape Ray, Newfoundland, and Cape North, the NE point of Cape Breton Island.{{cite web |author1=Canadian Hydrographic Service |title=ATL 104: Cape North to Cape Canso (including Bras d'Or Lake) |url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library-bibliotheque/chs-shc-ATL104-eng-202404-41238060.pdf |website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |publisher=Canadian Sailing Directions |access-date=16 August 2024 |pages=9 of 95 |date=16 April 2024 |quote=St. Paul Island presents the only danger in the Cabot strait. Mariners are advised to navigate with caution during periods of reduced visibility.}}
• Strait of Canso{{cite web |title=Strait of Canso - Map |url=https://www.novascotia.ca/nse/groundwater/images/GroundwaterResourcesMap_StraitofCanso.pdf |website=Water Resources, Nova Scotia |publisher=Strait of Canso Environment Committee |access-date=17 August 2024 |date=1975 |quote=From George Bay to Chedabucto Bay}} is located between Cape Breton Island and mainland Nova Scotia, it originally served as an outlet 1.0 km (0.6 mi) wide and 60 m (200 ft) deep at its deepest.{{cite web |author1=Strait of Canso Environment Committee |title=Water Resources |url=https://novascotia.ca/nse/groundwater/docs/GroundwaterResourcesReport_StraitofCanso.pdf |pages=33 |date=1975 |quote=The Strait is relatively narrow, varying in width from 800 m to 2,000 m (2,600 to 6,600 ft.), although it is most commonly 1,600 m (1 mile) wide throughout the 27 km (17 mi.) length.}}{{cite web |author1=Gary L. Bugden |author2=Brent A. Law |author3=Edward P.W. Horne |author4=Shawn E. Roach |title=Flow through the Canso Causeway |url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library-bibliotheque/40884533.pdf |website=Fischeries and Oceans Canada |publisher=Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |access-date=16 August 2024 |pages=21 of 55 |language=en, fr |date=2020 |quote=Although blocked in the 1950’s by the Canso Causeway, Canso Strait could potentially be a transport pathway for the spread of Malpeque Disease}} Due to the construction of the Canso Causeway across the strait in 1955, the roadway no longer allows exchange of water between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic Ocean.{{cite web |title=Canso Causeway - Road to the Isles |url=https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/cansocauseway/index.htm |publisher=Canada's Digital collections |access-date=16 August 2024 |quote=The mile long eighty foot wide man-made causeway is known as the deepest in the world}}

Image:StLawrence Gulf bathymetry.jpg of the gulf, with the Laurentian Channel visible]]

The Laurentian Channel is a feature of the floor of the Gulf that was formed during previous ice ages, when the Continental Shelf was eroded by the St. Lawrence River during the periods when the sea level plunged. The Laurentian Channel is about {{convert|290|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep and about {{convert|1250|km|mi|abbr=on}} long from the Continental Shelf to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. Deep waters with temperatures between {{convert|2|and|6.5|°C|0}} enter the Gulf at the continental slope and are slowly advected up the channel by estuariane circulation.Galbraith, P.S., Pettipas, R.G., Chassé, J., Gilbert, D., Larouche, P., Pettigrew, B., Gosselin, A., Devine, L. and Lafleur, C. 2009. Physical Oceanographic Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 2008. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2009/014. iv + 69 p. Over the 20th century, the bottom waters of the end of the channel (i.e. in the St. Lawrence estuary) have become hypoxic.Gilbert, D., B. Sundby, C. Gobeil, A. Mucci and G.-H. Tremblay. 2005. A seventy-two-year record of diminishing deep-water oxygen in the St. Lawrence estuary: The northwest Atlantic connection. Limnol. Oceanogr., 50(5): 1654–1666.

File:Basques Newfoundland.gif

The gulf has provided a historically important marine fishery for various First Nations that have lived on its shores for millennia and used its waters for transportation.{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Gulf Region |url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library-bibliotheque/347353.pdf |website=Fisheries Peches and Ocean Canada |publisher=Gulf region |access-date=10 August 2024 |pages=14 |date=1991 |quote=We must manage the Gulf fishery as a biological reality, not as a battlefield for provincial ambitions}}{{cite web |title=Action River, Discovering the St. Lawrence |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/ec/En154-41-2014-eng.pdf |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=14 August 2024 |pages=7 of 32 |date=24 November 2015 |quote=The Aboriginal people were the first to benefit from the abundant resources of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence: water, game, fish and marine mammals.}}{{cite web |author1=Christian Gates St-Pierre |title=Iroquoians in the St. Lawrence River Valley before European Contact |url=https://ontarioarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/oa096-06_Gates_St-Pierre.pdf |access-date=14 August 2024 |pages=18 |date=9 July 2017 |quote=At the time of contact with the first Europeans, the St. Lawrence Iroquoians occupied a territory that extended from the mouth of Lake Ontario to the Cap Tourmente area, near Quebec City, with a southward extension to the northern tip of Lake Champlain, as well as seasonal extensions into the estuary and the gulf of St. Lawrence. D}}{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The first documented voyage by a European in its waters was by the French explorer Jacques Cartier in 1534. Cartier named the shores of the St. Lawrence River "The Country of Canadas", after an indigenous word meaning "village" or "settlement", thus naming the world's second largest country.{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cartier-discovers-st-lawrence-river/| title = French navigator Jacques Cartier sails the St. Lawrence River|publisher = A&E Television Networks| access-date = 14 June 2021}}

Basque whalers from Saint-Jean-de-Luz sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1530 and began whaling at Red Bay.{{cite web | url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nl/redbay | title=Red Bay National Historic Site | date=9 February 2022 }} They established their base on the Strait of Belle Isle and worked closely with the Iroquois in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1579 the English government closed all English ports to Spanish oil imports. As a result, a third of Basque whale oil could not be sold. Basque whaling collapsed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and never recovered.

Image:Rorqual_126.jpgs in the Jacques Cartier Strait]]

Thirteen species of cetaceans inhabit the estuary and gulf of the St. Lawrence River:{{cite web |title=The Species of the St. Lawrence |url=https://baleinesendirect.org/en/discover/the-species-of-the-st-lawrence/the-13-species/ |website=Whales Online, magazine and encyclopedia |publisher=Group for Research and Education on Marine Mammals (GREMM) |access-date=10 August 2024 |date=July 2024 |quote=The different species of seals and whales are all mammal species. © GREMM}}

1. Northern bottlenose whale
2. Beluga whale
3. Sperm whale
4. Atlantic white-sided dolphin
5. White-beaked dolphin
6. Orca
7. Long-finned pilot whale
8. Harbour porpoise
9. North Atlantic right whale
10. Common minke whale
11. Blue whale
12. Humpback whale
13. Fin whale

In winter, large quantities of ice form in the St. Lawrence River. Ice formation begins in December between Montreal and Quebec City. The prevailing winds and currents push this ice towards the estuary, generally reaching east of Les Méchins around the end of December. Ice covers the entire gulf in January and February.

Ice aids in navigation, preventing the formation of waves and therefore spray, thus having the advantage of preventing the icing process of ships.{{cite web |author1=Guy O'Bonsawin |title=The secrets of the Saint-Laurent, marine weather guide |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2023/eccc/En56-87-1992-eng.pdf |publisher=Environnement Canada |access-date=15 October 2024 |pages=89, 90 of 100 |language=fr |date=3 April 2013 |quote=If you consider that both water and air masses literally hug the ground and follow all its contours and surfaces, it's easy to understand just how much variety there can be in wind and sea conditions.}}

Almost all of Quebec's ports are located along the St. Lawrence River seaway. Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Côte-Nord Shore include Blanc-Sablon, Harrington Harbor, Natashquan, Havre-Saint-Pierre, Mingan, Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Cap-aux-Meules (Îles-de-la-Madeleine).{{cite web |author1=Pierre Camu |title=Ports in the province of Quebec |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cgq/1959-v3-n6-cgq2580/020193ar.pdf |website=Quebec geography notebooks |publisher=Department of Geography at Laval University - Erudit |access-date=13 October 2024 |pages=3 of 10 |language=fr |date=1959 |quote=Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the Côte-Nord Shore: Blanc-Sablon, Harrington Harbor, Natashquan, Havre-Saint-Pierre, Mingan, Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Cap-aux-Meules (Îles-de-la -Madeleine)}}

The Western Honguedo Strait Coral Conservation Area was created following the signing of the Canada–Quebec Collaborative Agreement to Establish a Network of Marine Protected Areas in Quebec in March 2018.{{cite web |title=Western Honguedo Strait Coral Conservation Area |url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/oecm-amcepz/refuges/honguedo-western-ouest-eng.html |website=Gouvernement of Canada |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |access-date=23 September 2024 |date=9 September 2019 |quote=High concentrations of these soft corals create habitat with complex structures that provide refuge, feeding, and rearing areas for many marine species, thus supporting greater biodiversity.}}{{cite web |title=Cold Water Corals and Sponges |url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/soto-rceo/2012/page07-eng.html |website=Gouvernement of Canada |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=2012 |quote=They provide the complex habitat structure that is important to invertebrates, fish and other deep sea life. High-complexity sponge reefs are associated with a greater abundance and diversity of species.}}

St. Paul Island, located off the northeastern tip of Cape Breton Island, is known as the "Graveyard of the Gulf" because of its many shipwrecks.{{cite web |title=St. Paul Island Southwest Lighthouse |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_hl_eng.aspx?id=14574 |website=Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations |access-date=12 March 2023 |language=en}} Access to this island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard.{{cite web |last1=Zydler |first1=Tom |title=Cruising Canada's Gulf of St. Lawrence |url=https://www.cruisingworld.com/cruising-canadas-gulf-st-lawrence/ |website=Cruising World |access-date=12 March 2023 |date=18 October 2018 |quote="As I stepped ashore onto a blanket-size piece of sand, I realized I was probably trespassing; landing on the island requires an official permit from the Canadian coast guard."}}

In 1919 the first Migratory Bird Sanctuaries (MBS) in Canada were established under the Migratory Birds Convention Act on Bonaventure Island, on the Bird Rocks of the Magdalen Islands, and on the Percé Rock. These migratory bird sanctuaries are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service.{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/migratory-bird-sanctuaries/locations.html |title=Migratory bird sanctuaries across Canada |date=22 February 2011 |publisher=Government of Canada}}

Image:Skyline trail, Cape Breton (7618649226).jpg, Nova Scotia]]

National Parks touching the Gulf of St. Lawrence include Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve, in Côte-Nord, Forillon National Park on the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula, Prince Edward Island National Park on the northern shore of the island, Kouchibouguac National Park on the northeastern coast of New Brunswick, Cape Breton Highlands National Park on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island, and Gros Morne National Park on the west coast of Newfoundland.{{cite web |title=Parks Canada |url=https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=13 August 2024 |date=2024 |quote=There are 37 national parks and 11 national park reserves in Canada that represent 31 of Canada's 39 terrestrial natural regions and protect approximately 343,377 square kilometers of lands in Canada.}}{{cite web |title=National Parks of Canada, search by province or territory - Map |url=https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/recherche-parcs-parks-search |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=13 August 2024 |date=2024 |quote=National Parks of Canada, search by province or territory}}

In Quebec, since March 31, 2024, the network of protected areas{{cite web |title=Protected areas in Quebec |url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/aires_quebec.htm#def |publisher=Ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=fr |date=2024 |quote=Protected areas are also recognized as an essential tool for adaptation to climate change. In particular, they allow carbon to be stored.}}{{cite web |title=Map of protected areas in Quebec |url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/aires-carte.pdf |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=fr |date=March 2024 |quote=Protected areas register database, 2024 Ministry of Environment and Ecological reference framework, 2018 adapted}} extends over 274,431 km² and is established as follows:

• Continental environment (terrestrial and fresh water): 255,377 km2 or 16.89%;
• Marine and coastal environments: 18,991 km² or 12.21% distributed as follows:
• Marine protected areas and territories set aside in the marine environment: 16,140 km2 or 10.39%;
• Portions of territories in marine and coastal environments associated with protected areas whose conservation objectives do not specifically target the marine environment (national parks, national park reserves of Quebec and Canada, migratory bird sanctuaries, planned aquatic reserves, reserves of projected biodiversity, areas of concentration of aquatic birds, etc.): 2,854 km² or 1.84%;
• Plan Nord territory: 229,021 km² or 19.19%.{{cite web |title=Network of protected areas in Quebec |url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/registre/ |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=fr |date=2024 |quote=The Register of Protected Areas in Quebec constitutes a unique and integrated reference for Quebec in terms of protected areas, both within the meaning of the Natural Heritage Conservation Act and the recommendations of the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN).}}

The five provinces bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence have several provincial parks with protected coasts.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

{{geoGroup}}

• Anticosti Island
• Atlantic Ocean
• Estuary of St. Lawrence
• Maritime Peninsula
• St. Lawrence Seaway

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

• Eric W. Morse 1968, [http://parkscanadahistory.com/publications/fur-trade-canoe-routes.pdf Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada /Then and Now], pp 121
• Frère Marie-Victorin (1885-1944), [https://www.flickr.com/photos/dgda/albums/72157644711578566/ Anticosti, land with immense spaces, the sea all around, and a social world of the 1920s gone forever.] Anticosti/UdeM archives, 14 photos (French)
• [https://www.britannica.com/animal/cetacean Species of cetacean], comparison poster, Encyclopedia Britannica 2024
• [https://ogsl.ca/en/home-slgo/ Integrated Access to Knowledge and Open Data of the St. Lawrence], St. Lawrence Global Observatory (SLGO). (French)
• [https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/atlas/index.htm Atlas of the biodiversity of northern Quebec], Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MELCC). (French)
• [http://parkscanadahistory.com/plants/mingan-rare-plants-fr.pdf Rare plants of the Mingan Archipelago] Environnement Canada, 2025 (French)
• [https://www.quebecmaritime.ca/documents/file/brochures%20english/lighthouse.pdf The lighthouse Trail], Bas-Saint-Laurent, Gaspésie, Côte-Nord, Îles de la Madeleine (French)
• [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674972117 The New Map of Empire]. How Britain Imagined America before Independence, Harvard University Press
• [https://earlycanadianhistory.ca/2018/09/26/mapping-land-tenure-pluralism-in-the-st-lawrence-river-valley/ Mapping Land Tenure Pluralism in the St. Lawrence River Valley], Julia Lewandoski, essay kicks off a Borealia series on Cartography an Empire
• [https://collections.banq.qc.ca/bitstream/52327/2406244/1/22696_1.pdf Légendes du Saint-Laurent, Récits des voyageurs], Jean-Claude Dupont, 1985, 72 pages (French)
• [https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2024/mpo-dfo/Fs151-18-2024-eng.pdf Radio Aids to Marine Navigation 2024], Radio Aids to Marine Navigation 2024, (Atlantic, St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, Lake Winnipeg, Arctic and Pacific) Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 298 pages
• Royal Canadian Geographial Society, [https://rcgs.org/maze-to-the-aguanish/ Maze to the Aguanish], a 680 kilometre canoe trip through the wilds of Labrador and Quebec, that traverse the headwaters of the Romaine and the Petit-Mécatina rivers, 2021
• [https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.667091/publication.html The Gulf of St. Lawrence - a Unique Ecosystem], Government of Canada 2005 [English | French]
• [http://www.erudit.org/revue/gpq/2001/v55/n2/008298ar.pdf Timing and position of late Wisconsinan ice-margins on the upper slope seaward of Laurentian Channel] David J. W. Piper et Adam Macdonald, 2001, 11 page

{{List of seas}}

{{Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean}}

{{Portal bar|Canada|Nova Scotia|Geography}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulf of St. Lawrence}}

Category:Canada–Saint Pierre and Miquelon border

Category:Estuaries of Canada

Saint Laurent

St. Lawrence