Gurbeti
{{Short description|Romani subgroup in Turkey and the Balkans}}
{{Distinguish|text=Ghorbati, an unrelated ethnic group and nation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Gurbeti
| image =
| caption =
| total =
| langs = Kurbet language, Cypriot Turkish in Cyprus and North Cyprus, Vlax Romani language, Albanian language, Serbian language and Balkan Gagauz Turkish in the Balkans, also Crimean Tatar language in Crimea.
| rels = Mostly Islam, Minority Serbian Orthodox Church
}}
{{Romani people}}
Gurbeti (also Kurbet or Kurbat or غربتی in Persian) are a sub-group of the Romani people living in Turkey, Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Serbia,{{Cite web |title=Roma flee Turkish-occupied Northern Cyprus; anti-Gypsyism breaks out in the South |url=http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=1731 |website=European Roma Rights Centre}} and the former Yugoslavia{{cite book |title=Between Past and Future |last=Guy |first=Will |year=2001 |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |isbn=978-1-902806-07-5 |page=52 }}{{cite book |title=Serbia Since 1989 |last=Ramet |first=Sabrina P. |author2=Vjeran Pavlaković |year=2005 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98538-1 |page=383 }} whose members are Eastern Orthodox and predominantly Muslim Roma.{{cite journal |last1=Cvorovic |first1=Jelena |title=Gypsies Drown in Shallow Water: Oral Narratives among Macva Gypsies |journal=Journal of Folklore Research |date=May–August 2006 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=129–148 |doi=10.2979/JFR.2006.43.2.129 |jstor=3814870 |s2cid=144395001 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814870 |access-date=1 March 2022|url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal |last=Rushton |first=J. Philippe |author2=Jelena Čvorović |author3=Trudy Ann Bons |date=January–February 2007 |title=General mental ability in South Asians: Data from three Roma (Gypsy) communities in Serbia |journal=Intelligence |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.002 }} The Gurbeti make up approximately two thirds of the population of Roma in Mačva, many of whom work in agriculture. In Kosovo, other Romani groups viewed the Gurbeti negatively.{{cite book|title=Etnološki pregled: Revue d'etnologie|volume=10-12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrkWAQAAMAAJ|year=1972|page=30}}
Muslim Gurbeti at Cyprus
In the 1960 Constitution of Cyprus they were considered as part of the Turkish Cypriot community.{{Cite book |last1=European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/209345 |title=Civil society monitoring report on implementation of the national Roma integration strategies in Cyprus: focusing on structural and horizontal preconditions for successful implementation of the strategy |last2=Symeou |first2=Loizos |last3=Pelekani |first3=Chryso |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |year=2019 |isbn=978-92-79-90574-2 |location=Brussels |pages=13|doi=10.2838/209345 }} Once the Gurbeti lived all over Cyprus. After 1975, with the Third Vienna Agreement they migrated, along with the majority of the Turkish Cypriots to Northern Cyprus. Immigration to the United Kingdom and Turkey has also taken place. They describe themselves as Turkish in terms of ethnicity and speak Kurbet language and Cypriot Turkish.{{cite web
|title=KIBRIS'TAKİ GURBETLERİN GİZLİ DİLİ |publisher=Rıdvan Öztürk |archive-date=8 July 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708233113/https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/%c3%96ZT%c3%9cRK-R%c4%b1dvan-KIBRIS%e2%80%99TAK%c4%b0-GURBETLER%c4%b0N-G%c4%b0ZL%c4%b0-D%c4%b0L%c4%b0.pdf
|url=https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/%c3%96ZT%c3%9cRK-R%c4%b1dvan-KIBRIS%e2%80%99TAK%c4%b0-GURBETLER%c4%b0N-G%c4%b0ZL%c4%b0-D%c4%b0L%c4%b0.pdf}} In the 17th century, some migrated to Ottoman Rumelia.Helena Kanyar-Becker 2003: "In addition, in the XVIIth century, one begins to find mentions of nomadic Rroma, who were from Ottoman Cyprus - the ancestors of the present-day Gurbeti in Yugoslavia." In the Republic of Cyprus most live in the area of Agios Antonios in Limassol, and in the villages of Makounta, Stavrokonnou and Polis-Chrysochou in Paphos. Persons belonging to the Roma community remain social and economically marginalised despite some government efforts.{{Cite web |last=Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities |date=2020 |title=Fifth Opinion on Cyprus |url=https://rm.coe.int/5th-op-cyprus-en/16809f932e |website=Council of Europe |publisher=Secretariat of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Council of Europe |location=Strasbourg |page=4}}
Gurbeti in the Balkans
In Vuk Stefanović Karadžić's Serbian dictionary, the word Gurbet means "Gypsy foreign workers". The word is derived from Turkish gurbet, meaning "emigrate".Đura Daničić, Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti 1891: "U Vukovu rječniku. GUBBET, m. Ciganin skitač, arap. tur. ghurbet, ise\avane. — isporedi gurbetaš, gurbetin." The first mentions of nomadic Roma attributed as Gurbeti ancestors, from Ottoman Cyprus, is from the 17th century. In 1941, most of the Yugoslav Roma settled permanently, with the exception of the Gurbeti in Montenegro.
However, other sources about the Gurbeti have said that their Ancestors once came from Moldova and Wallachia, at the end of the 1850s after Slavery in Romania and settled in the Balkan, and speak a Vlax dialect.{{Cite web|url=http://rombase.uni-graz.at/cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data/ethn/groupsat/at-gurbet.en.xml|title=Gurbet [Rombase]|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909154743/http://rombase.uni-graz.at/cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data/ethn/groupsat/at-gurbet.en.xml|url-status=dead}}
In other parts at the Balkans like in Bulgaria, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia and Greece, the Gurbet are called Pečalbarstvo.{{cite journal |title=The Balkan gurbet/pecalbarstvo - past and present |journal=Glasnik Etnografskog instituta |date=January 2015 |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=551–563 |doi=10.2298/GEI1503551H|author=Hristov Petko|s2cid=188243396 |doi-access=free }}
Anatolia
Ottoman sources from 16th century mentioned from Gurbet a Turkoman Clan clan who lived in Dulkadiroğlu, Kahramanmaraş.{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/60846761 | title=Turcoman Gypsies in the Balkans: Just a Preferred Identity or More? | journal=Romani History and Culture Festschrift in Honour of Prof. Dr. Veselin Popov / Hristo Kyuchukov, Sofiya Zahova, Ian Duminica | date=January 2021 | last1=Yılgür | first1=Egemen }}
Culture
The Gurbeti in the Balkans share some cultural features with the Kalderaš, but also with other Xoraxane, who adopted Turkish culture since the Ottoman time. The majority of Gurbeti are Cultural Muslims while others belong to the Serbian Orthodox Church, and partly assimilated into society. They speak Kurbet language and Cypriot Turkish in Northern Cyprus, and Vlax Romani language, Albanian language, Serbian language and Rumelian Turkish at the Balkans.
Diaspora
There is a Gurbeti diaspora, such as in Austria and Germany; these were recent migrants, mostly Gastarbeiter unskilled workers, and have since integrated into Austrian and German society. Some of the Gurbeti men married Austrian and German women. The Host population did not see them as Roma, only as Yugoslavian.
Language
Their Kurbet is a variety of Para-Romani.{{cite book|author1=Sabine Hornberg|author2=Christian Brüggemann|title=Die Bildungssituation von Roma in Europa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bU9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|year=2013|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|isbn=978-3-8309-7841-1|pages=58–}} In Kosovo, the Gurbeti speech have either a dominant Serbian substratum, or Albanian substratum. The Džambazi (Acrobatics and Horse trading) nomadic Muslim Romani group, speak a sub-dialect of Kurbet. The origin of the Romani loan words in Croatian are most likely from Gurbeti, who settled predominantly from Bosnia and Herzegovina.Schrammel-Ambrosch-Halwachs 2005, p. 85
Genetic
While the Early Romani people traces back to the Indian Subcontinent,{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319414885 |via=ResearchGate|doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0547-x |title=Refining the South Asian Origin of the Romani people |year=2017 |last1=Melegh |first1=Bela I. |last2=Banfai |first2=Zsolt |last3=Hadzsiev |first3=Kinga |last4=Miseta |first4=Attila |last5=Melegh |first5=Bela |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=82 |pmid=28859608 |pmc=5580230 |doi-access=free }} also Gene flow from the Ottoman Turks spilled over and established a higher frequency of the Y-haplogroups J and E3b in Balkan Roma Groups.{{cite journal |last1=Bánfai |first1=Zsolt |last2=Melegh |first2=Béla I. |last3=Sümegi |first3=Katalin |last4=Hadzsiev |first4=Kinga |last5=Miseta |first5=Attila |last6=Kásler |first6=Miklós |last7=Melegh |first7=Béla |title=Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |date=13 June 2019 |volume=10 |page=558 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.00558 |pmid=31263480 |pmc=6585392 |doi-access=free }} The Greek Doctor A. G. Paspati made the statement in his Book, that Turks married often Roma Woman.{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/592158 | jstor=592158 | last1=Paspati | first1=A. G. | last2=Hamlin | first2=C. | title=Memoir on the Language of the Gypsies, as Now Used in the Turkish Empire | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | year=1860 | volume=7 | pages=143–270 | doi=10.2307/592158 | url-access=subscription }} Greeks and Slavs DNA also influenced the Balkan Roma people.{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282042290 |via=ResearchGate|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.201 |title=Origins, admixture and founder lineages in European Roma |year=2016 |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Mendizabal |first2=Isabel |last3=Harmant |first3=Christine |last4=De Pablo |first4=Rosario |last5=Ioana |first5=Mihai |last6=Angelicheva |first6=Dora |last7=Kouvatsi |first7=Anastasia |last8=Makukh |first8=Halyna |last9=Netea |first9=Mihai G. |last10=Pamjav |first10=Horolma |last11=Zalán |first11=Andrea |last12=Tournev |first12=Ivailo |last13=Marushiakova |first13=Elena |last14=Popov |first14=Vesselin |last15=Bertranpetit |first15=Jaume |last16=Kalaydjieva |first16=Luba |last17=Quintana-Murci |first17=Lluis |last18=Comas |first18=David |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=937–943 |pmid=26374132 |pmc=4867443 }} Also, the genetics of Peoples of the Caucasus influenced the Genetic impact of Roma people.{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327564906 |via=ResearchGate|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0202890 |doi-access=free |title=Revealing the impact of the Caucasus region on the genetic legacy of Romani people from genome-wide data |year=2018 |last1=Bánfai |first1=Zsolt |last2=Ádám |first2=Valerián |last3=Pöstyéni |first3=Etelka |last4=Büki |first4=Gergely |last5=Czakó |first5=Márta |last6=Miseta |first6=Attila |last7=Melegh |first7=Béla |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=e0202890 |pmid=30199533 |pmc=6130880 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1302890B }}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Romani diaspora}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurbeti}}