Gusii language
{{Short description|Bantu language spoken in western Kenya}}
{{For|the Abagusii or |Gusii people}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Gusii
|nativename=Ekegusii
|states=Kenya
|region=Nyanza Kenya, Kisii County & Nyamira County, Southern Rift Valley, parts of Kericho County & Bomet County
|ethnicity=Abagusii
|speakers= L1: 2.2 million
|date=2009 census
|ref=e22
|speakers2= L2: 500,000
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=Atlantic-Congo
|fam3=Volta-Congo
|fam4=Benue–Congo
|fam5=Bantoid
|fam6=Southern Bantoid
|fam7=Bantu
|fam8=Northeast Bantu
|fam9=Great Lakes Bantu
|fam10=East Nyanza
|fam11=Nyanza Mara
|fam12=North Mara
|dia1=Ekegusii Proper
|dia2=Bogirango Maate
|script=Latin (after European contact)
|iso3=guz
|glotto=gusi1247
|glottorefname=Gusii
|guthrie=JE.42
|notice=IPA
}}
The Gusii language (also known as Ekegusii) is a Bantu language spoken in Kisii and Nyamira counties in Nyanza Kenya, whose headquarters is Kisii Town (between the Kavirondo Gulf of Lake Victoria and the border with Tanzania). It is spoken natively by 2.2 million people (as of 2009), mostly among the Abagusii. Ekegusii has only two dialects: The Rogoro (upper-side) and Maate (lower-side) dialects. Phonologically, they differ in the articulation of /t/. Most of the variations existing between the two dialects are lexical. The two dialects can refer to the same object or thing using different terms. An example of this is the word for cat. While one dialect calls a cat ekemoni, the other calls it ekebusi (a word that comes from the sound used to call a cat in Gusii culture). Another illustrating example can be found in the word for sandals. While the Rogoro word for sandals is chisiripasi (a loanword from the English word "slippers"), the Maate dialect word is chitaratara (adapted from the sound made by sandals when one walks while wearing them). Many more lexical differences manifest in the language. The Maate dialect is spoken in Tabaka and Bogirango. Most of the other regions use the Rogoro dialect, which is also the standard dialect of Ekegusii.
Sounds
=Vowels=
Gusii has seven vowels. Vowel length is contrastive, i.e. the words 'bóra' to miss and 'bóóra' to say are distinguished by vowel length only.
| class="wikitable IPA"
|+ Phonetic inventory of vowels in Gusii | ||
| align=center
|align=right|Close |i | u | |
| align=center
|align=right|Close-mid |e | o | |
| align=center
|align=right|Open-mid |ɛ | ɔ | |
| align=center
|align=right|Open | | a |
=Consonants=
In the table below, orthographic symbols are included between brackets if they differ from the IPA symbols. Note especially the use of ‘y’ for IPA {{IPA|/j/}}, common in African orthographies. When symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
| class="wikitable IPA"
|+Phonemic inventory of consonants in Gusii |
| ! labial
! alveolar ! palatal ! velar |
|---|
| plosive
| | t | | k |
| affricate
| | | tʃ | |
| fricative
| β | s | | ɣ |
| nasal
| m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
| tap
| | ɾ | | |
| approximant
| w | | j | |
| class="wikitable IPA"
|+Phonetic inventory of consonants in Gusii |
| ! labial
! alveolar ! palatal ! velar |
|---|
| plosive
| p b | t d | | k ɡ |
| affricate
| | | tʃ | |
| fricative
| β | s | | ɣ |
| nasal
| m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
| tap
| | ɾ | | |
| approximant
| w | | j | |
The following morphophonological alternations occur:
- n+r = {{IPA|[ⁿd]}}
- n+b = {{IPA|[ᵐb]}}
- n+g = {{IPA|[ᵑɡ]}}
- n+k = {{IPA|[ᵑk]}}
- n+c = {{IPA|[ⁿtʃ]}}
- n+s = {{IPA|[ⁿs]}}
- n+m = {{IPA|[mː]}}
The Gusii language has the consonant 'b' not realized as the bilabial stop as in 'bat' but as bilabial fricative as in words like baba, baminto, abana.
Ekegusii language Alphabet
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ! colspan="27" | Ekegusii alphabet (Kenya)Rhonda L. Hartell, ed. 1993. The Alphabets of Africa. Dakar: UNESCO and Summer Institute of Linguistics{{Cite journal|last=Nyauma|first=Shem|date=2014|title=A Phonological Reconstruction Of Ekegusii And Egekuria Nouns: A Comparative Analysis|url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/99544/Nyauma_A%20Phonological%20Reconstruction%20of%20Ekegusii%20and%20Egekuria%20Nouns-a%20Comparative%20Analysis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=Masters Thesis, University of Nairobi}}{{Cite book|title=Alphabets of Africa|publisher=UNESCO Regional Office in Dakar (BREDA)|year=1993|editor-last=Hartell|editor-first=Rhonda|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_kuj_ortho-1|pages=186|isbn=((92-9091-020-3))}} | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ----
! Ekegusii Alphabet | A | B | C | D | E | Ë | G | H | I | K | M | N | O | Ö | R | S | T | U | W | Y | ei | ie | io | oi | - | - | - | - | - |
| ----
! Ekegusii Consonants | Mb | Bw | mbw | Ch | Nch | Chw | Nchw | Nd | Ndw | Ng | Gw | Ngw | Ng' | Ng'w | Ny | Nyw | Nk | Kw | Nkw | Mw | Nw | Rw | Ns | Sw | Nsw | Nt | Tw | Ntw | Yw |
| ---- |
Ekegusii Noun Classes
= Samples 1 =
| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" |Ekegusii Noun Class |
| !Class
!Singular !Gloss !Plural !Gloss |
|---|
| 1
|omo-aba |omonto |person/human |abanto |people/humans |
| 2
|omo-eme |omotwe |head |emetwe |head |
| 3
|e-ch |eng'ombe |cow |chiombe |cows |
| 4
|ege-ebi |egekombe |cup |ebikombe |cups |
| 5
|ri-ama |ritunda |fruit |amatunda |fruits |
| 6
|o-o |obwoba |cowardness |obwoba |cowardness |
| 7
|e-e |ekegusii |ekegusii | ----------- | ----------- |
| 8
|ama-ama |amabere |milk |amabere |milk |
| 9
|omo-i-seke |omoiseke |girl |aba-i-seke |girls | |
| 10
| | | | -------------- | ------------ |
Ekegusii Numeral System
=Sample 2=
| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" |Ekegusii Numeral System |
| Number
!Reading !Meaning !Number !Reading !Meaning |
|---|
| 1
|eyemo |1 |11 |ikomi nemo |10+1 |
| 2
|ibere |2 |12 |ikomi na ibere |10+2 |
| 3
|isato |3 |13 |ikomi na isato |10+3 |
| 4
|inye |4 |14 |ikomi nainye |10+4 |
| 5
|isano |5 |15 |ikomi na isano |10+5 |
| 6
|isano nemo |5+1 |16 |ikomi na isano nemo |10+5+1 |
| 7
|isano na ibere |5+2 |17 |ikomi na isano na ibere |10+5+2 |
| 8
|isano na isato |5+3 |18 |ikomi na isano na isato |10+5+3 |
| 9
|kianda |9 |19 |ikomi na kianda |10+9 |
| 10
|ikomi |10 |20 |emerongo ebere |20 |
Sample phrases
| class="wikitable sortable" | |
| English | Ekegusii |
|---|---|
| Good Morning | Bwakire buya |
| Good night | Obotuko obuya |
| Head | omotwe |
| Ear | ogoto |
| Water | amache |
| evening | magoroba |
| grandfather | sokoro |
| to know | komanya |
| to milk | gokama |
| donkey | etigere/ebunda |
| Earth | ense |
| Dwell | menya |
| Homeland | inka |
| Today | rero |
| Sun | risase/omobaso |
| Dog | esese |
| Red | embariri |
| Stand | -tenena |
| Know | -manya |
| See | -rora |
| Upperside/Hillside | rogoro |
| Lake/Sea | enyancha |
| Desert | eroro |
| Fighter | omorwani |
| Roll Over| | |
| garagara | |
| Milk | amabere |
| She goat | esibeni |
| Cowdung | esike |
| Lady | omosubati |
| Harvest (verb/noun) | gesa/rigesa |
| Cry | rera |
| Walk | tara |
| Look | Rigereria |
| Tomorrow | mambia |
Bibliography
= Bickmore, Lee =
- 1997. Problems in constraining High tone spread in Ekegusii. Lingua, vol. 102, pp. 265–290.
- 1998. Metathesis and Dahl’s Law in Ekegusii. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, vol. 28:2, pp. 149–168.
- 1999. High Tone Spreading in Ekegusii Revisited: An Optimality Theoretic Account. Lingua, vol. 109, pp. 109–153.
= Cammenga, Jelle =
- 2002 Phonology and morphology of Ekegusii: a Bantu language of Kenya. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
= Mreta, Abel Y. =
- 2008. Kisimbiti: Msamiati wa Kisimbiti-Kiingereza-Kiswahili na Kiingereza-Kisimbiti-Kiswahili / Simbiti-English-Swahili and English-Simbiti-Swahili Lexicon. Languages of Tanzania Project, LOT Publications Lexicon Series 7, 106 pp., {{ISBN|9987-691-09-9}}.
= Nash, Carlos M. =
- 2011. Tone in Ekegusii: A Description of Nominal And Verbal Tonology. University of California, Santa Barbara.
= Nyauncho, Osinde K. =
- 1988. Ekegusii morphophonology: an analysis of the major consonantal processes. University of Nairobi.
= Whiteley, Wilfred H. =
- 1956 A practical introduction to Gusii. Dar es Salaam/Nairobi/Kampala: East African Literature Bureau. [http://troyspier.com/A%20Practical%20Introduction%20to%20Gusii%20-%20Whiteley%20(1956).pdf Available Here]
- 1960 The tense system of Gusii. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research.
- 1974 Language in Kenya. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
= Omonyi, Moses Mark. =
- 2020 Local languages-Ekegusii. Kibabii University
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.gusii.com Gusii.com] The Gusii Language Blog
- [http://www.suttonelms.org.uk/ekegusii2.html Ekegusii Encyclopedic Project] & {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110207212728/http://www.ekegusiiencyclopedia.com/Ensaki/ online Encyclopedia/Dictionary]}}
- [https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-01-25/american-soft-power-has-helped-kenyan-mans-efforts-ensure-future-his-mother American soft power has helped this Kenyan man's efforts to ensure a future for his mother tongue]—report by Patrick Cox for Public Radio International (January 26, 207)
=Listening=
- [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5371609 National Public Radio story about Kisii language] (from All Things Considered program, April 29, 2006)
{{Languages of Kenya}}
{{Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)}}
{{Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)}}
{{Authority control}}