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Gutian dialect

{{Short description|Eastern Min Chinese dialect}}

{{Distinguish|Gutian language}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Gutian

|nativename={{lang|cdo|Kŭ-chèng-uâ / 古田話}}

|pronunciation=

|states=Southern China, Malaysia

|region=Gutian, Ningde, Fujian; Sibu, Sarawak; Sitiawan, Manjung, Perak

|speakers=?

|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan

|fam2=Sinitic

|fam3=Chinese

|fam4=Min

|fam5=Coastal Min

|fam6=Eastern Min

| ancestor = Proto-Sino-Tibetan

| ancestor2 = Old Chinese{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Glottolog |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=Leipzig |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}}}

| ancestor3 = Proto-Min

|isoexception=dialect

|glotto=none

|lingua=79-AAA-ich

|notice=IPA

}}

The Gutian dialect (Eastern Min: 古田話) is a dialect of Eastern Min spoken in Gutian, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province, China.

Phonology

The Gutian dialect has 15 initials, 52 rimes and 7 tones.

=Initials=

class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"

|+

colspan="2" |  

! Bilabial

AlveolarLateralVelarGlottal
rowspan="2" | Stop

| Tenuis voiceless

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

|

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|ʔ}}

Aspirated voiceless

| {{IPA link|pʰ}}

| {{IPA link|tʰ}}

|

| {{IPA link|kʰ}}

|

colspan="2" | Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

|

| {{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

rowspan="2" | Fricative

| Voiceless

|

| {{IPA link|s}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

voiced

| {{IPA link|β}}

| {{IPA link|ʒ}}

|

|

rowspan="2" | Affricate

| Tenuis voiceless

|

| {{IPA link|ts}}

|

|

Aspirated voiceless

|

| {{IPA link|tsʰ}}

|

|

colspan=2 | Approximant

|

|

| {{IPA link|l}}

|

=Rimes=

class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"

|+

{{IPA link|a}} 嘉{{IPA link|ɛ}} 西{{IPA link|œ}} 初{{IPA|o}} 歌
{{IPA link|i}} 之{{IPA link|u}} 孤{{IPA link|y}} 須
{{IPA|ai}} 開{{IPA|oi}} 催{{IPA|au}} 郊{{IPA|ɛu}} 抖
{{IPA|ia}} 遮{{IPA|ie}} 批{{IPA|iu}} 秋{{IPA|iau}} 燒
{{IPA|ua}} 花{{IPA|uo}} 過{{IPA|uai}} 歪{{IPA|ui}} 輝
{{IPA|uɔi}} 杯{{IPA|yø}} 橋
{{IPA|aɳ}} 山{{IPA|iɳ}} 賓{{IPA|uɳ}} 春{{IPA|yŋ}} 銀
{{IPA|iaŋ}} 聲{{IPA|ieŋ}} 天{{IPA|uaŋ}} 歡{{IPA|uoŋ}} 元
{{IPA|yøŋ}} 香{{IPA|eiŋ}} 燈{{IPA|ouŋ}} 郎{{IPA|øyŋ}} 東
{{IPA|ak}} 答{{IPA|ik}} 必{{IPA|uk}} 不{{IPA|yk}} 竹
{{IPA|iak}} 揭{{IPA|iek}} 哲{{IPA|uak}} 撥{{IPA|uok}} 拙
{{IPA|yøk}} 箬{{IPA|eik}} 八{{IPA|ouk}} 駁{{IPA|øyk}} 北
{{IPA|aʔ}} 拍{{IPA|œʔ}} 嗝{{IPA|oʔ}} 桌{{IPA|iaʔ}} 壁
{{IPA|uaʔ}} 劃{{IPA|uoʔ}} 剝{{IPA|yøʔ}} 藥

=Tones=

class="wikitable"

|+

No.

|1

|2

|3

|4

|5

|6

|7

Tone name

|dark level
陰平

|light level
陽平

|rising
上聲

|dark departing
陰去

|light departing
陽去

|dark entering
陰入

|light entering
陽入

Tone contour

|{{IPA|˥}} (55)

|{{IPA|˧}} (33)

|{{IPA|˦˨}} (42)

|{{IPA|˨˩}} (21)

|{{IPA|˧˨˦}} (324)

|{{IPA|˨}} (2)

|{{IPA|˥}} (5)

=Initial assimilation=

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

class="wikitable"
bgcolor="#ABCDEF" | The Coda of the Former Syllable

! bgcolor="#ABCDEF" | The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable

Null coda or {{IPA|/-ʔ/}}

|

  • {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/pʰ/}} change to {{IPA|/β/}};
  • {{IPA|/t/, /tʰ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} change to {{IPA|/l/}};
  • {{IPA|/k/, /kʰ/}} and {{IPA|/h/}} change to null initial (without {{IPA|/ʔ/}});
  • {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} change to {{IPA|/ʒ/}};
  • {{IPA|/m/, /n/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}} and the null initial remain unchanged.
{{IPA|/-ŋ/}}

|

  • {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/pʰ/}} change to {{IPA|/m/}};
  • {{IPA|/t/, /tʰ/ /s/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} change to {{IPA|/n/}};
  • {{IPA|/k/, /kʰ/}}, {{IPA|/h/}} and the null initial change to {{IPA|/ŋ/}};
  • {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} change to {{IPA|/ʒ/}};
  • {{IPA|/m/, /n/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} remain unchanged.
{{IPA|/-k̚/}}

| All initials remain unchanged.

=Tone sandhi=

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

class=wikitable
bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|

| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|dark level
55

| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|light level
33

| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|rising
42

| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|dark departing
21

| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|light departing
324

| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|dark entering
2

| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|light entering
5

bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|dark level
55

|21+55

|21+33

|21+42

|24+21

|style="background:lightgreen"|24+544

|24+2

|21+5

bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|light level
33

|

|

|21+42

|21+21

|21+324

|21+2

|

bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|rising
42

|21+55

|style="background:lightgreen"|21+24

|21+42

|24+21

|style="background:lightgreen"|24+544

|24+2

|21+5

bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|dark departing
21

|33+55

|style="background:lightgreen"|33+544

|style="background:lightgreen"|33+53

|24+21

|style="background:lightgreen"|55+33

|55+2

|33+5

bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|light departing
324

|55+55

|544+33

|544+42

|42+21

|style="background:lightgreen"|544+21

|42+2

|55+5

bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|dark entering
2

|33+55

|style="background:lightgreen"|33+55

|style="background:lightgreen"|33+53

|55+21

|style="background:lightgreen"|55+33

|55+2

|55+5

bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|light entering
5

|33+55

|21+33

|21+42

|21+21

|21+324

|21+2

|33+5

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

  • {{cite book|author=Compilation Commission of Chorography of Gutian County 古田县地方志编纂委员会|title=Gu tian xian zhi 古田县志 ["Chorography of Gutian County"]|url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=82037FF453C3456BB0AB00FCCB707F79|volume=32|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company|location=Beijing|year=1997|isbn=7-101-01663-4}}.

{{Min Chinese}}

Category:Eastern Min

Category:Gutian County