Gwanghwamun

It was originally called Nammun ({{Korean|hangul=남문|hanja=南門|labels=no}}{{Cite dictionary |title=남문 |encyclopedia=Standard Korean Language Dictionary |publisher=National Institute of Korean Language |url=https://stdict.korean.go.kr/search/searchView.do?word_no=409762&searchKeywordTo=3 |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=ko}}) or Omun ({{Korean|hangul=오문|hanja=午門|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|임석재|2019|pp=|p=39}} It was given its current name by Sejong the Great{{Sfn|임석재|2019|pp=|p=39}} in 1426.{{Sfn|이강근|2007|p=37}}{{Sfn|김웅호|2022a|p=109}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2020|pp=|p=267}} Its name has a number of theorized meanings, including "era of peace" ({{Korean|hangul=광천화일|hanja=光天化日|mr=kwangch'ŏnhwail|labels=no}}) or "spreading the dignity and virtue of the country far and wide" ({{Korean|hangul=광피사표화급만방|hanja=光被四表化及萬方|mr=Kwangp'isap'yohwagŭmmanbang|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|김민규|2019|p=322}}

It was completed in the 9th month of 1395.{{Sfn|임석재|2019|pp=|p=39}} It was renovated in 1432.{{Sfn|임석재|2019|p=82|pp=}} It was destroyed in 1592, during the 1592–1598 Imjin War.{{Sfn|임석재|2019|p=83|pp=}}

During Gojong's reign, the gate was recreated to be taller than the previous version.{{Sfn|김웅호|2022a|p=130}} It was ordered that a large bell be installed in the gate on the 5th day, 9th month of 1870.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2020|pp=|p=272}} A gate tower for it was demolished in October 1926. The gate was relocated in 1927 to the north of Geonchunmun; this effort began in April and was completed by mid-September.{{Sfn|신혜원|2007a|pp=83–84}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2020|pp=|p=273}}

During the 1950–1953 Korean War, its wooden portion completely burned down, leaving only stone.{{Sfn|Choi|2010|p=195–198}} After the war and during the Park Chung Hee administration, it was reconstructed, controversially, almost entirely out of concrete and steel, save for its wooden nameplate featuring Hangul calligraphy from Park.{{Sfn|Kim|2010|p=|pp=87–88}}{{Sfn|Henry|2014|pp=|p=214}}{{Sfn|Oh|2023|p=28}} Proponents argued that the modern materials used for the reconstruction symbolized Korea's modernization.{{Sfn|Oh|2023|p=27}}{{Sfn|Kim|2010|p=|pp=87–88}} It was completed in December 1968.{{Sfn|Kim|2010|p=|pp=87–88}} It was rebuilt northwest from its original spot.{{Sfn|신혜원|2007b|pp=|p=102}} It was later moved in front of the Government-General of Chōsen Building (after the liberation, the building was called "Central Government Building"; {{Korean|hangul=중앙청|hanja=中央廳|rr=Jungangcheong|mr=Chungangch'ŏng|labels=no}}).{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

File:Gwanghwamun (1880s).jpg|Gwanghwamun (1880s)

File:1952년 한국전쟁 폭격 피해를 입은 서울 광화문.jpg|The gate with wooden portion completely destroyed during the Korean War (1592)

File:서울 광화문과 중앙청 (1980년 10월 14일).jpg|Gwanghwamun, with Central Government Building behind it (1980)

File:再建工事中の光化門.JPG

Gwanghwamun underwent a major restoration project starting in December 2006{{cite news|title=New Facelift Projects to Focus on Historic Seoul|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/01/24/2006012461013.html|access-date=22 March 2013|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|date=24 January 2006}} and was finished in August 2010. The gate was disassembled and moved back to its original location 14.5 meters to the south, and its wooden structure was again reconstructed. It was rotated in order to accurately place the gate to its original location, which perfectly aligns it with the main north-south axis of Gyeongbokgung. The restoration was commenced by the South Korean government because an earlier restoration employed concrete instead of traditional materials and wrongly aligned the gate to the entrance of the CGB, then destroyed.

The aim of the largest renovation was to restore Gwanghwamun to its original wooden construction while paying meticulous attention to historical accuracy. The name plate of Gwanghwamun was recreated by analyzing its century-old glass plate photographs, while its wooden structure was devised from a blueprint created in 1925 by the Japanese Colonial Government. Pine wood used in the construction was painstakingly selected in Korea as the use of foreign imported wood for recreating Korea's historic buildings was strictly forbidden.

Gwanghwamun was opened to the public on August 15, 2010, to commemorate Gwangbokjeol, or Liberation Day of Korea.{{cite news|title=Restored Gwanghwamun to Be Unveiled on Liberation Day|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/07/02/2010070201250.html|access-date=8 April 2013|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|date=20 February 2010}} The project cost {{SK won| 28 billion}}. A new name plate on the restored Gwanghwamun was unveiled on the same day. The name on the plate was based on Hanja lettering by {{Ill|Im T'aeyŏng|ko|임태영}}, the general in charge of the rebuilding program by Gojong, written against a white backdrop framed by Dancheong traditional coloring painted by master Yang Yong-ho. The lettering was done by master Oh Ok-jin, using the gakjajang method of calligraphic engraving, a technique designated as Important Intangible Cultural Property no 106.{{cite news|last=Chung|first=Ah-young|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/08/135_71448.html|title=Gwanghwamun reveals original beauty|work=The Korea Times|date=15 August 2010|access-date=27 February 2013}}

However, cracks in the wooden plate were showing by early November, where a long vertical crack is visible on the left side of Hanja character "光" and beneath "門" in the middle. The Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) blamed the dry autumn weather for the contraction of the wood, but experts differs on that an immature pine board was used to meet the deadline for completion and that the wood had not dried properly.{{cite news|title=New Gwanghwamun Signboard Cracks|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/04/2010110401021.html|access-date=27 February 2013|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|date=4 November 2010}}{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Claire|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/entertainment/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20101104000816|title=Gwanghwamun plate was rushed|work=The Korea Herald|date=4 November 2010|access-date=2012-04-23|archive-date=2012-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320090721/http://www.koreaherald.com/entertainment/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20101104000816|url-status=dead}} After many debates, a repair to the cracks was made, and the panel at CHA concluded in December 2010 that it should be replaced,{{cite news|title=Cracked Gwanghwamun Signboard to Be Replaced|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/12/29/2010122900992.html|access-date=27 February 2013|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|date=29 December 2010}} hence the Government commissioned a new name plate. 13 wooden boards for the new signboard were cut in September 2011 and have since undergone a natural drying process in Gangwon Province. However, in a survey of 5,000 people conducted by the Cultural Heritage Administration, 58.7 percent responded that the inscription should be in Hangul while 41.3 percent opted Hanja. The long-lost 1395 original was written in Hanja. A majority of experts consulted thought the sign should be carved as the original had been.{{cite news|title=Seoul Landmark Restorations to Be Completed This Year|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/01/04/2012010401731.html|access-date=23 April 2012|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|date=4 January 2012}}

Gwanghwamun underwent a minor renovation project in 2023, with the name plate was reworked as black field and golden characters. While the Woldae ({{lang|ko|월대}}) in front the gate was restored as well.{{cite news|script-title=ko:100년 만에 되찾는 광화문 새 현판…경복궁 역사성 회복|first=Han-se|last=Yu|language=ko|url=https://www.newsworks.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=730173|work=News Works|date=2023-10-14|access-date=2025-03-15}}{{cite news|script-title=ja:１００年前に日本が埋めた「王の階段」…光化門の月台跡発掘＝韓国|language=ja|url=https://japan.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/46593.html|work=Hankyoreh|date=2023-04-27|access-date=2025-03-15}}

Its ceiling is painted to depict pairs of fenghuang (mythological birds), longma (mythological dragon horses), and turtles.{{Sfn|김민규|2019|p=322}} It has a statue of a xiezhi (haetae) in front of it; the legendary animal is believed to guard against fire and evil spirits.{{Sfn|임석재|2019|p=43|pp=}}

File:Royal Guard at Gwanghwamun Gate, Gyeongbokgung, Seoul.jpg

The area in front of Gwanghwamun, known as the Gwanghwamun Plaza, was opened as a public open space on 1 August 2009.{{cite news|last=Kwon|first=Mee-yoo|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2010/08/247_70599.html|title=Gwanghwamun Square marks 1st anniv.|work=The Korea Times|date=1 August 2010|access-date=27 February 2013}} It is part of the Seoul Metropolitan Government's plans for environmentally friendly renovation projects such as the Cheonggye Stream and Seoul Plaza.{{cite news|last=Hoh |first=Kui-Seek |title=The road less travelled, by cars |url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2908222 |access-date=27 February 2013 |newspaper=Korea JoongAng Daily |date=3 August 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411051613/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2908222 |archive-date=11 April 2013 }}

In a poll of nearly 2,000 foreign visitors conducted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in November 2011, visitors stated that watching the changing of the guards at the main gate as their third favorite activity in Seoul.{{cite news|title=Mt. Nam Tops List of Foreign Tourists' Favorites|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/11/28/2011112801317.html|access-date=23 April 2012|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|date=28 November 2011}} The royal changing of the guard ceremony is held in front of the main gate every hour from 10:00 to 15:00.{{cite news|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/01/24/2012012400190.html|title=The 5 Palaces of Seoul|date=24 January 2012|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|access-date=23 April 2012}}

On 23 September 2012, the Seoul Metropolitan Government started on a trial basis, a 550-m designated section of Sejong-ro as pedestrian-only but permitted for cyclists. The section includes the road from the Gwanghwamun three-way intersection, along Gwanghwamun Plaza in front of the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts to the Sejong-ro intersection.{{cite news|title=Pedestrian Zone Planned for Central Seoul|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/09/21/2012092101033.html|access-date=3 November 2012|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|date=21 September 2012}}

• Gyeongbokgung Station on Seoul Subway Line 3 - nearest to the Gate
• Gwanghwamun Station on Seoul Subway Line 5 - located 600 metres at the southern end of Gwanghwamun Plaza
• City Hall Station on Seoul Subway Line 1 and Seoul Subway Line 2 - located 800 meters at the southern end of Gwanghwamun Plaza

• Gwanghwamun Plaza
• Statue of King Sejong
• Jeong Do-jeon
• Gyeongbokgung
• Cheonggyecheon
• Bugaksan

{{Reflist}}

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• {{Commons category-inline|Gwanghwamun}}
• [https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264329 Gwanghwamun] at Korea Tourism Organization website

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Category:Jongno District

Category:Downtown Seoul

Category:Buildings and structures in Seoul

Category:History of Seoul

Category:1395 establishments in Asia

Category:Gates in South Korea

Category:Tourist attractions in Seoul

Category:14th-century establishments in Korea

Category:Gyeongbokgung