Gymnopilus

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Gymnopilus_luteofolius_Washington.jpg

| image_caption = Gymnopilus luteofolius

| taxon = Gymnopilus

| authority = P.Karst.

| type_species = Gymnopilus liquiritiae

| type_species_authority = (Pers.) P.Karst. (1879)

| diversity = c. 200 species

| diversity_link = List of Gymnopilus species

}}

Gymnopilus is a genus of gilled mushrooms within the fungal family Hymenogastraceae containing over 200Gymnopilus. Catalogue of Life. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4RW3 rusty-orange spored mushroom species.

Description

The fruit body is typically reddish brown to rusty orange to yellow, medium to large, often with a well-developed veil.

= Similar genera =

Members of Pholiota and Cortinarius are easy to confuse with Gymnopilus. Pholiota can be distinguished by its viscid cap and duller (brown to cinnamon brown) spores, and Cortinarius grows on the ground. Beginners can confuse Gymnopilus with Galerina, which contains deadly poisonous species.

Taxonomy

Gymnopilus was formerly divided among Pholiota and the defunct genus Flammula. The genus has over 200 species worldwide.

File:Gymnopilus_luteofolius_spores_1000x.jpg

= Psychoactive species =

Fourteen members of Gymnopilus contain psilocybin,{{cite journal |vauthors=Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J |year=1998 |url=http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf |title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion |journal=Ann. Mus. Civ. Rovereto |volume=14 |pages=189 |access-date=2007-01-10 |archive-date=2010-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050845/http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf |url-status=dead }} although their bitter taste often deters recreational users. These species include G. aeruginosus, G. braendlei, G. cyanopalmicola, G. dilepis,{{Cite journal |last1=Gotvaldova |first1=Klara |last2=Borovicka |first2=Jan |last3=Hajkova |first3=Katerina |last4=Cihlarova |first4=Petra |last5=Rockefeller |first5=Alan |last6=Kuchar |first6=Martin |year=2022 |title=Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=23 |issue=22 |language=en |pages=14068 |doi=10.3390/ijms232214068 |pmid=36430546 |pmc=9693126 |issn=1422-0067|doi-access=free }}G. intermedius, G. junonius, G. luteofolius, G. luteoviridis, G. luteus, G. purpuratus, G. subearlei, G. subpurpuratus, G. validipes and G. viridans.{{cite journal|title=Gymnopilus Chemistry|journal=Entheogen review|volume= VII|issue=3|date=Autumn 1998|issn=1066-1913|page=63}} Subspecies of G. junonius from Japan are reported to contain psilocybin, while some western North American members do not.{{cite periodical|work=Fungifama - The Newsletter of the South Vancouver Island Mycological Society |title=Reflections on Mushroom Poisoning – Part II|author=Michael Beug|date=August 2006|url=http://www.svims.ca/ff0608.pdf|page=5}}

Several species of Gymnopilus contain bis-noryangonin [4-hydroxy-6-(4-hydrostyryl)-2-pyrone] and hispidine [4-hydroxy-6-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-2-pyrone], which are closely related to the alpha-pyrones found in kava.{{cite journal |author=Hatfield GM, Brady LR. |year=1969 |title=Occurrence of bis-noryangonin in Gymnopilus spectabilis |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1298–1299 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600581039 |pmid=5388695}}

= Phylogeny =

A 2003 phylogenetic study identified five well-supported clades within Gymnopilus:{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3761920 |vauthors=Guzmán-Dávalos L, Mueller GM, Cifuentes J, Miller AN, Santerre A |year=2003 |url=http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/full/95/6/1204 |title=Traditional infrageneric classification of Gymnopilus is not supported by ribosomal DNA sequence data|journal=Mycologia |volume=95 |issue=6 |format=PDF |pages=1204–1214 |jstor=3761920 |pmid=21149021|url-access=subscription }}

the spectabilis-imperialis group
nevadensis-penetrans group
a clade formed by G. underwoodii, G. validipes and G. cf. flavidellus
aeruginosus-luteofolius group
lepidotus-subearlei group

Although the genus Gymnopilus was found to be monophyletic, the phylogenetically related groups do not support the traditional infrageneric classifications based on morphology.

= Etymology =

The name means naked pileus.

Habitat

Most members of Gymnopilus grow on wood but at times may appear terrestrial if the wood is buried or decomposed.

References

{{Reflist|30em

{{cite journal |author=Guzmán-Dávalos L. |journal=International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms |year=2006 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=289–293 |issn=1521-9437 |doi=10.1615/intjmedmushr.v8.i3.110 |title=A new bluing, probably hallucinogenic species of Gymnopilus P. Karst. (Agaricomycetideae) from Mexico}}

}}

C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) {{ISBN|0-471-52229-5}}
Hesler, L. R. (1969). North American species of Gymnopilus. New York: Hafner. 117 pp.

Category:Agaricales genera