Gyrovirus

The genus contains the following species:

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

• Gyrovirus anas1
• Gyrovirus anas2
• Gyrovirus chauna1
• Gyrovirus chickenanemia (Chicken anemia virus)
• Gyrovirus fulgla1
• Gyrovirus galga1
• Gyrovirus galga2
• Gyrovirus homsa1
• Gyrovirus homsa2
• Gyrovirus homsa3
• Gyrovirus homsa4
• Gyrovirus hydho1
• Gyrovirus myferr1
• Gyrovirus phaco1

{{div col end}}

Gyroviruses have an average size of 19 to 27 nanometers. They are nonenveloped and have an icosahedral capsid with T=1 symmetry. The unique, single protein, trumpet-shaped capsomeres of Gyrovirus are arranged into 12 pentomers yielding a capsid 60 units in size. The genome is circular, non-segmented, and 2290–2320 nucleotides long.{{cite journal | last1 = Crowther | first1 = R. A. | display-authors = etal | year = 2003| title = Comparison of the structures of three circoviruses: Chicken anemia virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and beak and feather disease virus | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 77 | issue = 24| pages = 13036–13041 | doi=10.1128/jvi.77.24.13036-13041.2003| pmid = 14645560 | doi-access = free | pmc = 296089 }}ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.016.0.02. Gyrovirus. In: ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA.

File:Alignment of the nucleotide sequences -Human Gyrovirus DNA genome.jpg

The Gyrovirus genome consists of negative sense, single-stranded, circular, DNA. The genome is relatively small at 2,300 nucleotides. and contains three overlapping open reading frames that code for only three known proteins.{{cite journal | last1 = Noteborn | first1 = M.H.M. | display-authors = etal | title = Characterization of Cloned Chicken Anemia Virus DNA That Contains All Elements For The Infectious Replication Cycle | journal = Journal of Virology | date = 1991 | volume = 65 | issue = 6| pages = 3131–3139 | doi = 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3131-3139.1991 | pmid = 1851873 | s2cid = 36675042 | doi-access = free | pmc = 240969 }}

The Gyrovirus genome codes for a single polysistronic mRNA that subsequently codes for three proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3. VP1 is the 51kd capsid protein; in addition to its structural function, it also contains motifs for rolling circle replication in the C-terminal region. VP2 is a 23kd nonstructural protein with phosphatase activity. Virions with mutations in SP2 are still replication competent; however, their cytopathic effects were highly attenuated.{{cite journal | last1 = Peters | first1 = Michelle A. | last2 = Crabb | first2 = Brendan S. | last3 = Tivendale | first3 = Kelly A. | last4 = Browning | first4 = Glenn F. | year = 2007| title = Attenuation of chicken anemia virus by site-directed mutagenesis of VP2 | journal = Journal of General Virology | volume = 88 | issue = 8| pages = 2168–2175 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.82904-0| pmid = 17622619 | doi-access = free }} VP3, also called apoptin, is a 13kd protein that has been shown to independently induce apoptosis in chicken cells. Apoptin is also being researched for its ability to induce apoptosis in human tumor cells.{{cite journal | last1 = Noteborn | first1 = M. H. M. | display-authors = etal | title = A single chicken anemia virus protein induces apoptosis | journal = Journal of Virology | date = 1994 | volume = 68 | issue = 1| pages = 346–351 | doi = 10.1128/jvi.68.1.346-351.1994 | pmid = 8254747 | pmc = 236294 }}{{cite journal | last1 = Heckl | first1 = Stefan | display-authors = etal | year = 2008| title = Value of apoptin's 40-amino-acid C-terminal fragment for the differentiation between human tumor and non-tumor cells | journal = Apoptosis | volume = 13 | issue = 4| pages = 495–508 | doi=10.1007/s10495-007-0174-5| pmid = 18311587 | s2cid = 28778954 }}

Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Upon entering the host cell, the virus converts from single stranded to double stranded, circular DNA using host cell machinery. The circular dsDNA is then used as a template for transcription and for replication via a rolling circle mechanism similar to phiX174.{{cite journal | last1 = Noteborn | first1 = Mathieu H. M. | last2 = Koch | first2 = Guus | year = 1995| title = Chicken anaemia virus infection: Molecular basis of pathogenicity | journal = Avian Pathology | volume = 24 | issue = 1| pages = 11–31 | doi=10.1080/03079459508419046| pmid = 18645763 | doi-access = free }} DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and nuclear pore export.

Birds serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral, parental, egg transmission, and respiratory.

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) was, until 2011, the only member of genus Gyrovirus identified.{{cite journal|last1=Phan|first1=T. G.|last2=Li|first2=L.|last3=O'Ryan|first3=M. G.|last4=Cortes|first4=H.|last5=Mamani|first5=N.|last6=Bonkoungou|first6=I. J. O.|last7=Wang|first7=C.|last8=Leutenegger|first8=C. M.|last9=Delwart|first9=E.|title=A third gyrovirus species in human faeces|journal=Journal of General Virology|date=14 March 2012|volume=93|issue=Pt_6|pages=1356–1361|doi=10.1099/vir.0.041731-0|pmc=3755516|pmid=22422066}} It causes disease worldwide in areas where chickens are produced. CAV causes severe anemia, hemorrhaging, and depletion of lymphoid tissue through the destruction of bone marrow erythroblastoid cells. The disease affects mainly young chicks not protected by maternal antibodies. Age resistance to disease begins at about one week, but can be overcome however by coinfection with immunosuppressive diseases, such as bursal disease virus, Marek’s disease, and others.Merck Veterinary Manual (online) Accessed 4/20/2009 Chicken Anemia Virus Infection: Introduction http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/200200.htm&word=chicken%2canemia%2cvirus

A second virus in this genus—Avian gyrovirus 2—has been described.{{cite journal | last1 = Rijsewijk | first1 = FA | last2 = Dos Santos | first2 = HF | last3 = Teixeira | first3 = TF | last4 = Cibulski | first4 = SP | last5 = Varela | first5 = AP | last6 = Dezen | first6 = D | last7 = Franco | first7 = AC | last8 = Roehe | first8 = PM | year = 2011 | title = Discovery of a genome of a distant relative of chicken anemia virus reveals a new member of the genus Gyrovirus | journal = Arch Virol | volume = 156| issue = 6 | pages = 1097–1100| doi = 10.1007/s00705-011-0971-6 | pmid = 21442232 | s2cid = 23167059 }} The viral genome shares ~40% of its sequence with Chicken anemia virus (CAV). The genome is 2383 nucleotides long and has three partially overlapping open reading frames encoding the proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3. These proteins share 38.8%, 40.3%, and 32.2% amino acid identities between their homologs in the CAV.

Two species have been described from humans—human gyrovirus and human gyrovirus 3.{{cite journal | last1 = Sauvage | first1 = V | last2 = Cheval | first2 = J | last3 = Foulongne | first3 = V | last4 = Gouilh | first4 = MA | last5 = Pariente | first5 = K | last6 = Manuguerra | first6 = JC | last7 = Richardson | first7 = J | last8 = Dereure | first8 = O | last9 = Lecuit | first9 = M | last10 = Burguiere | first10 = A | last11 = Caro | first11 = V | last12 = Eloit | first12 = M | year = 2011 | title = Identification of the first human gyrovirus, a virus related to chicken anemia virus | journal = J Virol | volume = 85 | issue = 15| pages = 7948–7950 | doi=10.1128/jvi.00639-11| pmid = 21632766 |pmc=3147908| doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | last1 = Maggi | first1 = F | last2 = Macera | first2 = L | last3 = Focosi | first3 = D | last4 = Vatteroni | first4 = ML | last5 = Boggi | first5 = U | last6 = Antonelli | first6 = G | last7 = Eloit | first7 = M | last8 = Pistello | first8 = M | year = 2012 | title = Human gyrovirus DNA in human blood, Italy | journal = Emerg Infect Dis | volume = 18 | issue = 6| pages = 956–9 | doi = 10.3201/eid1806.120179 | pmid = 22608195 |pmc=3358173 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | last1 = Phan | first1 = TG | last2 = Li | first2 = L | last3 = O'Ryan | first3 = MG | last4 = Cortes | first4 = H | last5 = Mamani | first5 = N | last6 = Bonkoungou | first6 = IJ | last7 = Wang | first7 = C | last8 = Leutenegger | first8 = CM | last9 = Delwart | first9 = E | year = 2012 | title = A third gyrovirus species in human faeces | journal = J Gen Virol | volume = 93 | issue = 6| pages = 1356–1361 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.041731-0 | pmid = 22422066 | pmc = 3755516 }} Human gyrovirus 1 appears to be the same virus as avian gyrovirus 2. A fourth gyrovirus—gyrovirus 4 (GyV4)—has been isolated from human stool and chicken meat.{{cite journal | last1 = Chu | first1 = DK | last2 = Poon | first2 = LL | last3 = Chiu | first3 = SS | last4 = Chan | first4 = KH | last5 = Ng | first5 = EM | last6 = Bauer | first6 = I | last7 = Cheung | first7 = TK | last8 = Ng | first8 = IH | last9 = Guan | first9 = Y | last10 = Wang | first10 = D | last11 = Peiris | first11 = JS | year = 2012 | title = Characterization of a novel gyrovirus in human stool and chicken meat | journal = J Clin Virol | volume = 55 | issue = 3| pages = 209–213 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.07.001 | pmid = 22824231 | pmc = 3449218 }}

{{Reflist|2}}

• [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/117.html Viralzone: Gyrovirus]
• [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp ICTV]

{{Baltimore classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5625531}}

Category:Anelloviridae

Category:Virus genera