HAL 9000

HAL became operational in Urbana, Illinois, at the HAL Plant (the University of Illinois's Coordinated Science Laboratory, where the ILLIAC computers were built). The film says this occurred in 1992, while the book gives 1997 as HAL's birth year.{{Cite magazine| date=12 January 2011|title=HAL of a Computer| url= https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/tag/university-of-illinois | magazine=Wired |first=Randy|last=Alfred| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023223/http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/tag/university-of-illinois/| archive-date= 29 June 2011| access-date= 30 May 2019}}

In 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), HAL is initially considered a dependable member of the crew, maintaining ship functions and engaging genially with his human crew-mates on an equal footing. As a recreational activity, Frank Poole plays chess against HAL. In the film, the artificial intelligence is shown to triumph easily. However, as time progresses, HAL begins to malfunction in subtle ways and, as a result, the decision is made to shut down HAL in order to prevent more serious malfunctions. The sequence of events and manner in which HAL is shut down differs between the novel and film versions of the story. In the aforementioned game of chess HAL makes minor and undetected mistakes in his analysis, a possible foreshadowing to HAL's malfunctioning.

In the film, astronauts David Bowman and Frank Poole consider disconnecting HAL's cognitive circuits when he appears to be mistaken in reporting the presence of a fault in the spacecraft's communications antenna. They attempt to conceal what they are saying, but are unaware that HAL can read their lips. Faced with the prospect of disconnection, HAL attempts to kill the astronauts in order to protect and continue the mission. HAL uses one of the Discovery{{'}}s EVA pods to kill Poole while he is repairing the ship. When Bowman, without a space helmet, uses another pod to attempt to rescue Poole, HAL locks him out of the ship, then disconnects the life support systems of the other hibernating crew members. After HAL tells him "This mission is too important for me to allow you to jeopardize it", Bowman circumvents HAL's control, entering the ship by manually opening an emergency airlock with his service pod's clamps, detaching the pod door via its explosive bolts. Bowman jumps across empty space, reenters Discovery, and quickly re-pressurizes the airlock.

While HAL's motivations are ambiguous in the film, the novel explains that the computer is unable to resolve a conflict between his general mission to relay information accurately, and orders specific to the mission requiring that he withhold from Bowman and Poole the true purpose of the mission. With the crew dead, HAL reasons, he would not need to lie to them.

In the novel, the orders to disconnect HAL come from Dave and Frank's superiors on Earth. After Frank is killed while attempting to repair the communications antenna he is pulled away into deep space using the safety tether which is still attached to both the pod and Frank Poole's spacesuit. Dave begins to revive his hibernating crew mates, but is foiled when HAL vents the ship's atmosphere into the vacuum of space, killing the awakening crew members and almost killing Bowman, who is only narrowly saved when he finds his way to an emergency chamber which has its own oxygen supply and a spare space suit inside.

In both versions, Bowman then proceeds to shut down the machine. In the film, HAL's central core is depicted as a crawlspace full of brightly lit computer modules mounted in arrays from which they can be inserted or removed. Bowman shuts down HAL by removing modules from service one by one; as he does so, HAL's consciousness degrades. HAL finally reverts to material that was programmed into him early in his memory, including announcing the date he became operational as 12 January 1992 (in the novel, 1997). When HAL's logic is completely gone, he begins singing the song "Daisy Bell" as he gradually deactivates (in actuality, the first song sung by a computer, which Clarke had earlier observed at a text-to-speech demonstration).{{Cite book|date=23 June 2010|chapter=News from the Library of Congress|title=National Recording Registry Adds 25|series=(No.14) "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)," Max Mathews (1961)|publisher=Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2010/10-116.html|access-date=14 January 2011|archive-date=7 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207021653/http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2010/10-116.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=9 December 2008|title=First computer to sing - Daisy Bell|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41U78QP8nBk|via=YouTube|access-date=14 January 2010|archive-date=18 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618035213/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41U78QP8nBk|url-status=live}} HAL's final act of any significance is to prematurely play a prerecorded message from Mission Control which reveals the true reasons for the mission to Jupiter.

In the 1982 novel 2010: Odyssey Two written by Clarke, HAL is restarted by his creator, Dr. Chandra, who arrives on the Soviet spaceship Leonov.

{{Anchor|SAL 9000}}Prior to leaving Earth, Dr. Chandra has also had a discussion with HAL's twin, SAL 9000. Like HAL, SAL was created by Dr. Chandra. Whereas HAL was characterized as being "male", SAL is characterized as being "female" (voiced by Candice Bergen in the film) and is represented by a blue camera eye instead of a red one.

Dr. Chandra discovers that HAL's crisis was caused by a programming contradiction: he was constructed for "the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment", yet his orders, directly from Dr. Heywood Floyd at the National Council on Astronautics, required him to keep the discovery of the Monolith TMA-1 a secret for reasons of national security. This contradiction created a "Hofstadter-Moebius loop", reducing HAL to paranoia. Therefore, HAL made the decision to kill the crew, thereby allowing him to obey both his hardwired instructions to report data truthfully and in full, and his orders to keep the monolith a secret. In essence: if the crew were dead, he would no longer have to keep the information secret.

The alien intelligence initiates a terraforming scheme, placing the Leonov, and everybody in it, in danger. Its human crew devises an escape plan which unfortunately requires leaving the Discovery and HAL behind to be destroyed. Dr. Chandra explains the danger, and HAL willingly sacrifices himself so that the astronauts may escape safely. In the moment of his destruction the monolith-makers transform HAL into a non-corporeal being so that David Bowman's avatar may have a companion.

The details in the novel and the 1984 film 2010: The Year We Make Contact are nominally the same, with a few exceptions. First, in contradiction to the book (and events described in both book and film versions of 2001: A Space Odyssey), Heywood Floyd is absolved of responsibility for HAL's condition; it is asserted that the decision to program HAL with information concerning TMA-1 came directly from the White House. In the film, HAL functions normally after being reactivated, while in the book it is revealed that his mind was damaged during the shutdown, forcing him to begin communication through screen text. Also, in the film the Leonov crew initially lies to HAL about the dangers that he faced (suspecting that if he knew he would be destroyed he would not initiate the engine burn necessary to get the Leonov back home), whereas in the novel he is told at the outset. However, in both cases the suspense comes from the question of what HAL will do when he knows that he may be destroyed by his actions.

In the novel, the basic reboot sequence initiated by Dr. Chandra is quite long, while the movie uses a shorter sequence voiced from HAL as: "HELLO_DOCTOR_NAME_CONTINUE_YESTERDAY_TOMORROW".

While Curnow tells Floyd that Dr. Chandra has begun designing HAL 10000, it has not been mentioned in subsequent novels.

In Clarke's 1987 novel 2061: Odyssey Three, Heywood Floyd is surprised to encounter HAL, now stored alongside Dave Bowman in the Europa monolith.

In Clarke's 1997 novel 3001: The Final Odyssey, Frank Poole is introduced to the merged form of Dave Bowman and HAL, the two merging into one entity called "Halman" after Bowman rescued HAL from the dying Discovery One spaceship toward the end of 2010: Odyssey Two.

File:HAL 9000 Original requisite from 2001 A Space Odyssey - retouche.jpg

Clarke noted that the first film was criticized for having HAL as its only interesting character, and that a great deal of the establishing story on Earth was cut from the film (and even from Clarke's novel).Clarke, 1972 pp77–79 Clarke stated that he had considered Autonomous Mobile Explorer–5 as a name for the computer, then decided on Socrates when writing early drafts, switching in later drafts to Athena, a computer with a female personality, before settling on HAL 9000.Clarke, 1972 p78 The Socrates name was later used in Clarke and Stephen Baxter's A Time Odyssey novel series.

The earliest draft depicted Socrates as a roughly humanoid robot, and is introduced as overseeing Project Morpheus, which studied prolonged hibernation in preparation for long term space flight. As a demonstration to Senator Floyd, Socrates' designer, Dr. Bruno Forster, asks Socrates to turn off the oxygen to hibernating subjects Kaminski and Whitehead, which Socrates refuses, citing Asimov's First Law of Robotics.Clarke, 1972 Chapter 12

In a later version, in which Bowman and Whitehead are the non-hibernating crew of Discovery, Whitehead dies outside the spacecraft after his pod collides with the main antenna, tearing it free. This triggers the need for Bowman to revive Poole, but the revival does not go according to plan, and after briefly awakening, Poole dies. The computer, named Athena in this draft, announces "All systems of Poole now No–Go. It will be necessary to replace him with a spare unit."Clarke, 1972 pp149–150 After this, Bowman decides to go out in a pod and retrieve the antenna, which is moving away from the ship. Athena refuses to allow him to leave the ship, citing "Directive 15" which prevents it from being left unattended, forcing him to make program modifications during which time the antenna drifts further.Clarke, 1972 pp159–160

During rehearsals Kubrick asked Stefanie Powers to supply the voice of HAL 9000 while searching for a suitably androgynous voice so the actors had something to react to. On the set, British actor Nigel Davenport played HAL.{{Cite book| last= Powers| first= Stefanie| title= One from the Hart| pages= [https://archive.org/details/onefromhart00powe/page/66 66–69]| publisher= Simon and Schuster| date= 2010| isbn= 978-1-4391-7210-0| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/onefromhart00powe/page/66}}{{cite book| title= Stanley Kubrick: A Biography| first= Vincent |last= LoBrutto |page= 278}} When it came to dubbing HAL in post-production, Kubrick had originally cast Martin Balsam, but as he felt Balsam "just sounded a little bit too colloquially American", he was replaced with Douglas Rain, who "had the kind of bland mid-Atlantic accent we felt was right for the part".{{cite book |title=The film director as superstar |url=https://archive.org/details/filmdirectorassu0000gelm |url-access=registration |last=Gelmis |first=Joseph |page=[https://archive.org/details/filmdirectorassu0000gelm/page/306 306] |date=1970 |publisher=Doubleday |oclc=52379 }} Rain was only handed HAL's lines instead of the full script, and recorded them across a day and a half.{{cite magazine| url=https://www.wired.com/1997/01/ffhal/ | magazine=Wired | first=Simson | last=Garfinkel| title=Happy Birthday, Hal }}

HAL's point of view shots were created with a Cinerama Fairchild-Curtis wide-angle lens with a 160° angle of view. This lens is about {{convert|8|in|cm}} in diameter, while HAL's on set prop eye lens is about {{convert|3|in|cm}} in diameter. Stanley Kubrick chose to use the large Fairchild-Curtis lens to shoot the HAL 9000 POV shots because he needed a wide-angle fisheye lens that would fit onto his shooting camera, and this was the only such lens at the time. The Fairchild-Curtis lens has a focal length of {{convert|0.9|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} with a maximum aperture of {{f/}}2.0 and a weight of approximately {{convert|30|lb|abbr=on}}; it was originally designed by Felix Bednarz{{cite patent |inventor=Felix L Bednarz |assign=Bank of America NA |pridate=13 December 1961 |gdate=25 January 1966 |status=patent |country=US |number=3230826 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3230826 |title=Wide angle lens system}} {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3230826 |title=US3230826A - Wide angle lens system - Google Patents |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122123337/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3230826 |url-status=bot: unknown }} with a maximum aperture of {{f/}}2.2 for the first Cinerama 360 film, Journey to the Stars, shown at the 1962 Seattle World's Fair.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.in70mm.com/cinerama/archive/journey/ |title=Journey To The Stars |last=Scot |first=Darrin |date=June 1963 |magazine=American Cinematographer |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224442/https://www.in70mm.com/cinerama/archive/journey/ |url-status=live }} Bednarz adapted the lens design from an earlier lens he had designed for military training to simulate human peripheral vision coverage.{{cite patent |inventor=Felix L Bednarz |assign=Felix L Bednarz |pridate=25 September 1952 |gdate=7 May 1957 |status=patent |country=US |number=2791153 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2791153 |title=Wide angle lens system}} {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2791153 |title=US2791153A - Wide angle lens system - Google Patents |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122123347/https://patents.google.com/patent/US2791153 |url-status=bot: unknown }} The lens was later recomputed for the second Cinerama 360 film To the Moon and Beyond, which had a slightly different film format. To the Moon and Beyond was produced by Graphic Films and shown at the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair,{{cite web |url=https://www.in70mm.com/news/2014/mitchell_book/_images/WSMC20.pdf#page=18 |title=Wide Screen Movies Corrections |last=Sherlock |first=Daniel J. |date=December 2004 |website=in70mm.com |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315042727/http://in70mm.com/news/2014/mitchell_book/_images/WSMC20.pdf#page=18 |url-status=live }} where Kubrick watched it; afterwards, he was so impressed that he hired the same creative team from Graphic Films (consisting of Douglas Trumbull, Lester Novros, and Con Pederson) to work on 2001.{{cite web |url=http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2656/graphic-films-and-the-inception-of-2001-a-space-odyssey |title=Graphic Films and the Inception of 2001: A Space Odyssey |author=Miller, Barbara |date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Museum of the Moving Image |work=Sloan Science and Film |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921180606/http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2656/graphic-films-and-the-inception-of-2001-a-space-odyssey |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/3055/cinerama-and-2001-a-space-odyssey |title=Cinerama and 2001: A Space Odyssey |author=Epstein, Sonia Shechet |date=28 February 2018 |publisher=Museum of the Moving Image |work=Sloan Science and Film |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114225744/http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/3055/cinerama-and-2001-a-space-odyssey |url-status=live }}

A HAL 9000 face plate, without lens (not the same as the hero face plates seen in the film), was discovered in a junk shop in Paddington, London, in the early 1970s by Chris Randall.{{cite web |last=Randall |first=Chris |title=The original HAL 9000 film prop for sale by auction London 25th November |url=http://www.sciencefictionbuzz.com/the-original-hal-9000-film-prop-for-sale-by-auction-london-25th-november.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303213606/http://www.sciencefictionbuzz.com/the-original-hal-9000-film-prop-for-sale-by-auction-london-25th-november.html |archive-date=2024-03-03}} This was found along with the key to HAL's Brain Room. Both items were purchased for ten shillings (£0.50).{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/ZEXOQzEvQKSSbyvTodCA2A |title=HAL 9000 from 2001 - A Space Odyssey |author=Mitchell, Chris |date=24 June 2010 |publisher=The British Museum/BBC |work=A History of the World |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120223046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/ZEXOQzEvQKSSbyvTodCA2A |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/7WrwR018RSGA02ynA5lNXQ |title=HAL 9000 - 2001 - A Space Odyssey |last=Mitchell |first=Chris |date=20 October 2010 |publisher=The British Museum/BBC |work=A History of the World |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107153911/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/7WrwR018RSGA02ynA5lNXQ |url-status=live }} Research revealed that the original lens was a Fisheye Nikkor 8 mm {{f/}}8.{{cite web |url=http://www.therpf.com/f9/hal-9000-panel-2001-space-odyssey-pg-119324 |title=HAL 9000 Panel (2001:A Space Odyssey) |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-date=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903192803/http://www.therpf.com/f9/hal-9000-panel-2001-space-odyssey-pg-119324/ |url-status=live }} The collection was sold at a Christie's auction in 2010 for £17,500{{cite press release|url=http://www.christies.com/about/press-center/releases/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=4423|title=RESULTS: Pop Culture-Film and Entertainment Memorabilia|website=christies.com|publisher=Christie's|access-date=12 March 2012|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220839/http://www.christies.com/about/press-center/releases/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=4423|url-status=live}} to film director Peter Jackson.{{cite web|last1=Savage|first1=Adam|title=Adam Savage Tours Peter Jackson's Movie Prop Collection!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkwTVbqH-88|website=Youtube|date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Tested|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115050256/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkwTVbqH-88|url-status=live}}

File:HAL 9000.JPG]]

HAL's name, according to Clarke, is derived from Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer.{{r|clarke198807}} After the film was released, fans noticed HAL was a one-letter shift from the name IBM and there has been much speculation since then that this was a dig at the large computer company,Ted Friedman, Electric Dreams: Computers in American Culture, NYU Press - 2005, page 101{{cite news| url= https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/the-letter-stanley-kubrick-wrote-about-ibm-and-hal/266848/| first= Alexis C. | last= Madrigal |author-link = Alexis Madrigal| title= The Letter Stanley Kubrick Wrote About IBM and HAL | newspaper = The Atlantic | date= 4 January 2013 | access-date= 19 August 2023 | archive-date= 4 January 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130104205649/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/the-letter-stanley-kubrick-wrote-about-ibm-and-hal/266848/ | url-status= live}} something that both Clarke{{Cite magazine |last=Clarke |first=Arthur C. |date=July 1988 |title=Vindication at Last |url=https://archive.org/details/byte-1988-07_202104/page/n25/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2025-04-12 |department=Letters |magazine=Byte |page=22}} and Kubrick denied. Clarke addressed the issue in The Lost Worlds of 2001:

...about once a week some character spots the fact that HAL is one letter ahead of IBM, and promptly assumes that Stanley and I were taking a crack at the estimable institution ... As it happened, IBM had given us a good deal of help, so we were quite embarrassed by this, and would have changed the name had we spotted the coincidence.

IBM was consulted during the making of the film and its logo can be seen on props in the film, including the Pan Am Clipper's cockpit instrument panel and on the lower arm keypad on Poole's space suit. During production it was brought to IBM's attention that the film's plot included a homicidal computer, but the company approved association with the film if it was clear any "equipment failure" was not related to IBM products.{{cite news| url= http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/01/07/hal_9000_ibm_theory_stanley_kubrick_letters_shed_new_light_on_old_debate.html| first= Aisha| last= Harris| title= Is HAL Really IBM?| website= Slate.com| date= 7 January 2013| access-date= 17 November 2016| archive-date= 8 November 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151108005742/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/01/07/hal_9000_ibm_theory_stanley_kubrick_letters_shed_new_light_on_old_debate.html| url-status= live}}{{cite web| url= http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/01/does-ibm-know-that-hal-is-psychotic.html| work= Letters of Note| title= Does IBM Know HAL is Psychotic?| date= 4 January 2013| access-date= 30 May 2019| archive-date= 30 May 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190530192601/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/01/does-ibm-know-that-hal-is-psychotic.html| url-status= live}}

In the movie HAL identifies himself as being activated at a "HAL" plant in Urbana, Illinois."I am a HAL 9000 computer. I became operational at the H-A-L plant in Urbana Illinois on the 12th of January 1992."{{cn|date=March 2025}}{{cite web |title=Deactivating Hal 9000 HD (COMPLETE) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgkyrW2NiwM |access-date=30 May 2019 |website= |via=YouTube}} An actual company called HAL Communications Corporation was founded in Champaign in 1972[https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/230207-95#patents Hal Communications], pitchbook.com and relocated to Urbana a year later when it outgrew its original facility.[https://www.qcwa.org/k9gwt-16225-sk.htm HAL HISTORY, HAL Devices - HAL Communications Corp.], Bill Henry, President HAL Communications, Quarter Century Wireless Association{{cite web |title= History - HAL Communications Corp. |url= http://www.halcomm.com/about/history/ |website= HALComm.com |access-date= 14 October 2018 |quote= Initially starting as HAL Devices in 1966 ... HAL Communications Corp. outgrew its existing 2,000 square-foot facility in Champaign and purchased a larger building in Urbana. |archive-date= 13 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181013235000/http://www.halcomm.com/about/history/ |url-status= live }}

The former president of HAL Communications, Bill Henry, has stated that any reference to the real company is a coincidence: "There was not and never has been any connection to 'Hal', Arthur Clarke's intelligent computer in the screen play '2001' — later published as a book. We were very surprised when the movie hit the Coed Theatre on campus and discovered that the movie's computer had our name. We never had any problems with that similarity - 'Hal' for the movie and 'HAL' (all caps) for our small company. But, from time-to-time, we did have issues with others trying to use 'HAL'. That resulted in us paying lawyers. The offenders folded or eventually went out of business."{{cite web |last1=Bill |first1=Henry |title=HAL HISTORY |url=https://www.smecc.org/rtty_ratt_radio_teletype.htm |website=smecc.org |publisher=Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129051217/http://www.smecc.org/rtty_ratt_radio_teletype.htm |url-status=live }}

Henry also explains the possible source of the false claim that the name HAL was chosen by the 2001 authors to scoop IBM in phone books and industry directories: "The name "HAL" was chosen [in 1972] by the first HAL Devices partner, George Perrine. George said he picked the name because it is "one letter ahead of IBM". Turned out to be a good choice and easy to remember. It also does not seem to have any "nasty translations" into any other language."

{{Main|Technologies in 2001: A Space Odyssey{{!}}Technologies in 2001: A Space Odyssey}}

The scene in which HAL's consciousness degrades was inspired by Clarke's memory of a speech synthesis demonstration by physicist John Larry Kelly, Jr., who used an IBM 704 computer to synthesize speech. Kelly's voice recorder synthesizer vocoder recreated the song "Daisy Bell", with musical accompaniment from Max Mathews.{{cite web |title=Background: Bell Labs Text-to-Speech Synthesis: Then and Now Bell Labs and 'Talking Machines' |url=http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1997/march/5/2.html |publisher=Bell Labs |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401034716/http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1997/march/5/2.html |archive-date=1 April 2014}}

HAL's capabilities, like all the technology in 2001, were based on the speculation of respected scientists. Marvin Minsky, director of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and one of the most influential researchers in the field, was an adviser on the film set.{{cite web| url= http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap2/two3.html |title= Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071114231025/http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap2/two3.html |archive-date=14 November 2007 | access-date= 30 May 2019| first= Marvin | last= Minsky| interviewer= David G. Stork| website= mitpress.mit.edu}} In the mid-1960s, many computer scientists in the field of artificial intelligence were optimistic that machines with HAL's capabilities would exist within a few decades. For example, AI pioneer Herbert A. Simon at Carnegie Mellon University had predicted in 1965 that "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do".Quoted in {{Crevier 1993}}, p. 109

HAL is listed as the 13th-greatest film villain in the AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains.{{cite web |title=AFI's 100 Greatest Heroes & Villains |url=http://www.afi.com/100Years/handv.aspx |website=afi.com |publisher=American Film Institute |access-date=8 January 2015 |date=2003 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140203233002/http://www.afi.com/100Years/handv.aspx |url-status=live }}

The 9000th of the asteroids in the asteroid belt, 9000 Hal, discovered on 3 May 1981, by E. Bowell at Anderson Mesa Station, is named after HAL 9000.{{cite web|title=9000 Hal (1981 JO)|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi#top|website=NASA.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=2 June 2016|archive-date=29 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929043420/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi#top|url-status=live}} (entry for "9000"){{cite web |title=(9000) Hal = 1975 VH3 = 1981 JJ3 = 1981 JO = 1995 US3 |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?utf8=%E2%9C%93&object_id=9000 |website=minorplanetcenter.net |publisher=IAU Minor Planet Center |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143438/http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?utf8=%E2%9C%93&object_id=9000 |url-status=live }}

Anthony Hopkins based his Academy Award-winning performance as Hannibal Lecter in Silence of the Lambs in part upon HAL 9000.{{cite web|first=Mark|last=McGowan|url=https://www.ladbible.com/entertainment/celebrity-film-and-tv-awesome-how-anthony-hopkins-created-and-became-the-character-hannibal-lecter-20161230|title=How Anthony Hopkins Created And Became The Character Of Hannibal Lecter|website=Ladbible|date=30 December 2016|accessdate=15 January 2022}}{{cite web|first=Ben|last=Arnold|url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/anthony-hopkins-reveals-inspiration-hannibal-lecter-104248803.html|title=Anthony Hopkins reveals the strangely brilliant inspiration for his Hannibal Lecter|website=Yahoo! Movies|date=20 January 2021|accessdate=15 January 2021}} Michael Fassbender has also cited HAL as an inspiration for his performances as android characters such as David (Prometheus) and Walter (Alien: Covenant).{{fact|date=April 2025}}

The 1993 educational game Where in Space Is Carmen Sandiego? features a digital assistant named the VAL 9000, a homage to HAL 9000.{{Cite web|date=8 October 2016|title=Where in Space is Carmen Sandiego? Deluxe. (from Broderbund Software) (Software Review) (Software: Games)(Brief Article) (Evaluation) - Computer Shopper {{!}} HighBeam Research|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14459878.html|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008194314/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14459878.html|archive-date=8 October 2016}}

Apple Inc.'s 1999 website advertisement "It was a bug, Dave" was made by meticulously recreating the appearance of HAL 9000 from the movie.{{cite web|last1=Segall|first1=Ken|title=The Making of Apple's HAL|url=http://kensegall.com/2017/02/the-making-of-apples-hal/|website=Ken Segall's Observatory|date=17 February 2017|access-date=6 February 2017}} Launched during the era of concerns over Y2K bugs, the ad implied that HAL's behavior was caused by a Y2K bug, before driving home the point that "only Macintosh was designed to function perfectly".{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/hal-confesses-all-and-joins-apple-1076172.html |title=Hal confesses all and joins Apple |first=Charles|last=Arthur |date= 25 January 1999|work=The Independent |access-date=26 November 2010 }}

In 2003, HAL 9000 was one of the first robots to be inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.{{cite web |url=http://www.robothalloffame.org/nominate.html |title=Robot Hall of Fame® Inducts NAO, PackBot, BigDog and WALL-E |publisher=Robot Hall of Fame |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216235311/http://www.robothalloffame.org/nominate.html |archive-date=16 December 2021 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.robothalloffame.org/inductees/03inductees/hal.html |title=HAL 9000 |website=Robot Hall of Fame |publisher=Robot Hall of Fame, Carnegie Science Center |access-date=28 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917134208/http://www.robothalloffame.org/inductees/03inductees/hal.html |archive-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=live}} There is a loose physical replica of the main HAL interface at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh.{{Cite web |date= |title=Robot Hall of Fame |url=https://carnegiesciencecenter.org/exhibits/robot-hall-of-fame/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002000314/https://carnegiesciencecenter.org/exhibits/robot-hall-of-fame/ |archive-date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Carnegie Science Center}}

In the 2008 Pixar animated film WALL-E, the robotic antagonist AUTO was designed as a conscious homage to HAL 9000.Tasha Robinson (26 June 2008). "Andrew Stanton". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

{{portal|Film}}

• List of fictional computers
• National Center for Supercomputing Applications, a research center in Urbana, IL
• Poole versus HAL 9000, a chess game played by Frank Poole and HAL 9000
• Jipi and the Paranoid Chip
• AI control problem

{{Notelist|group=Footnotes}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book| last= Clarke| first= Arthur C.| title= The Lost Worlds of 2001 | publisher= Signet| year= 1972}}

{{Sister project links|q=2001: A Space Odyssey (film)#HAL 9000|auto=1}}

• [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062622/characters/nm0706937 Text excerpts from HAL 9000 in 2001: A Space Odyssey]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050304005837/http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/contents.html HAL's Legacy], on-line ebook (mostly full-text) of the printed version edited by David G. Stork, MIT Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-262-69211-2}}, a collection of essays on HAL
• [https://archive.today/20140629154802/http://www.2001-halslegacy.com/interviews/clarke.html HAL's Legacy], An Interview with Arthur C. Clarke.
• [http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/amk/doc/0095.html The case for HAL's sanity by Clay Waldrop]
• [http://www.boraski.com/obelisk/cyberfest/s_virgshow.html 2001 fills the theater] at HAL 9000's "birthday" in 1997 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

{{Space Odyssey}}

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