HCNG
Image:HCNG.CNG.Bar chart emissions levels.gif
HCNG or H2CNG (hydrogen compressed natural gas) is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 4–9 percent hydrogen by energy.[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/ihfpv_proceedings.pdf International hydrogen fuel and pressure vessel forum 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905153748/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/ihfpv_proceedings.pdf |date=2012-09-05 }} It may be used as a fuel gas for internal combustion engines[http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2007-01-2045 Test of blends of hydrogen and natural gas in a light-duty vehicle][http://www.mirlabs.org/ijcisim/regular_papers_2009/IJCISIM_Vol_2_Paper_9.pdf Development of HCNG blended fuel engine with control of NOx emissions][http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0354-9836/2011/0354-98361100044N.pdf Hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas] and home appliances.
(regarding the acronyms in the above emissions chart:
AVL = Average Levels?
CNG = Compressed Natural Gas
HCNG = Hydrogen and CNG blend
NOX = Nitrogen Oxides
NMHC = Non-Methane Hydrocarbons?
CH4 = Methane
THC = Total Hydrocarbons?
CO = Carbon Monoxide)
HCNG dispensers can be found at Hynor (Norway) Thousand palms and Barstow,[http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/949990-YXC1Ot/949990.pdf Hydrogen-enhanced natural gas vehicle program] California, Fort Collins, Colorado (all US), Chongqing[http://www.chinabuses.org/news/2011/0117/article_3998.html Chongqing Wuzhoulong Works with Tsinghua University for HCNG Buses] and Shanxi (China),[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/ihfpv_mao.pdf HCNG in China][http://www.sxgxny.com/ Sxgxny (Shanxi)] Pico Truncado (Argentina),[http://www.ngvjournal.com/en/lng--h2--blends/item/3777-argentinas-first-hcng-patrol-car Argentina’s first HCNG patrol car] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130129235004/http://www.ngvjournal.com/en/lng--h2--blends/item/3777-argentinas-first-hcng-patrol-car |date=2013-01-29 }} Islamabad (Pakistan),[http://www.ngvjournal.com/en/markets/item/8082-prime-minister-syed-yousaf-raza-gillani-supports-non-stop-cng-loading-in-pakistan Prime Minister Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani supports non-stop CNG loading in Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130129220502/http://www.ngvjournal.com/en/markets/item/8082-prime-minister-syed-yousaf-raza-gillani-supports-non-stop-cng-loading-in-pakistan |date=2013-01-29 }}[http://pakistan.onepakistan.com/news/city/peshawar/40303-pm-dedicate-three-gas-fields-for-cng-industry-hcng-to-import-immediately-with-zero-import-duty.html PM dedicate three gas fields for CNG Industry, HCNG to import immediately with zero import duty] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130131111656/http://pakistan.onepakistan.com/news/city/peshawar/40303-pm-dedicate-three-gas-fields-for-cng-industry-hcng-to-import-immediately-with-zero-import-duty.html |date=2013-01-31 }} Dunkerque (France),[http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2006/pdf/paper/add11093.pdf ALT-HY-TUDE Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401022056/http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2006/pdf/paper/add11093.pdf |date=2010-04-01 }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ngvaeurope.eu/members/position-papers/NGVA-Europe-Position-Paper-on-Natural-Gas-Hydrogen-Blends-Technology.pdf |title=Position Paper: Natural gas – hydrogen blends technology |access-date=2012-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010655/http://www.ngvaeurope.eu/members/position-papers/NGVA-Europe-Position-Paper-on-Natural-Gas-Hydrogen-Blends-Technology.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-13 |url-status=dead }} Gothenburg Sweden, Rio de Janeiro[http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/ceneh/WICaC2008/PDF/Cristina_Saba.pdf Petrobras and the infrastructure for hydrogen supply in Brazil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714114130/http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/ceneh/WICaC2008/PDF/Cristina_Saba.pdf |date=2014-07-14 }} (Brazil), Emilia-Romagna,[http://www.fisita2012.com/programme/programme/pdf/F2012-A03-002.pdf Hydrogen-methanemixtures: vehicle tests performed by ENEA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131320/http://www.fisita2012.com/programme/programme/pdf/F2012-A03-002.pdf |date=2014-07-14 }}[http://www.mhybus.eu/en/mhybus_en.htm mhybus] Lombardia[http://www.h2it.org/en/2011/news/notizie-nazionali/10-panda-a-idrometano-nel-parco-auto-della-regione-lombardia Regione Lombardia: 10 hydromethane Pandas][http://www.ngvjournal.com/en/lng--h2--blends/item/5177-italian-highway-presents-first-prototype-of-hydrogen-methane-iveco-ecodaily Italian highway presents first prototype of hydrogen-methane Iveco Ecodaily] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130129210128/http://www.ngvjournal.com/en/lng--h2--blends/item/5177-italian-highway-presents-first-prototype-of-hydrogen-methane-iveco-ecodaily |date=2013-01-29 }} (Italy), Dwarka and Faridabad (Delhi), India[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/cng_h2_workshop_6_pal.pdf Successful adoption of CNG and emerging CNG-H2 program in India][http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/automotive-research-body-develops-greener-fuel-engine-for-light-vehicles/656704/ Automotive research body develops greener fuel engine for light vehicles][https://web.archive.org/web/20120314044522/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=CAP/2009/08/27&PageLabel=3&EntityId=Ar00301&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T Hydrogen–CNG Fuel To Debut During Games] and the BC hydrogen highway in Canada.
HCNG for mobile use is premixed at the hydrogen station.
Research
In the town of Nes on the island of Ameland in the Netherlands, a four-year (2008-2011) field test was carried out where 20% hydrogen was added to the local distribution net supplying a complex of 14 apartments.[http://members.igu.org/old/IGU%20Events/igrc/igrc2011/igrc-2011-proceedings-and-presentations/poster%20paper-session%201/P1-34_Mathijs%20Kippers.pdf Pilot project on hydrogen injection in natural gas on island of Ameland] The appliances involved were kitchen stoves, condensing boilers, and micro-CHP boilers.[https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterstofvereniging.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fopinie-ameland.html&sl=nl&tl=en&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 Ameland Field testing]
The use of existing natural gas pipelines for HCNG was studied by NaturalHy.[http://www.naturalhy.net/docs/Naturalhy_Brochure.pdf Using the existing natural gas system for hydrogen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118102741/http://www.naturalhy.net/docs/Naturalhy_Brochure.pdf |date=2012-01-18 }}
To get the most out of an internal combustion engine in transportation if higher levels of hydrogen are added, modifications have to be made to the engine and the control strategy.[http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2008-01-1633 A study on quasi-dimensional combustion model of a spark ignition HCNG engine suitable for various hydrogen fractions (SAE 2008)]{{Cite web |url=http://www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications/CEC-500-2008-044/CEC-500-2008-044-D.PDF |title=Natural gas vehicle research roadmap -Pag.22 |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-date=2017-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125211655/http://www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications/CEC-500-2008-044/CEC-500-2008-044-D.PDF |url-status=dead }}[http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/809113-Vyj5QC/native/809113.pdf High-percentage hydrogen/cng blend Ford F-150 operating summary] The hydrogen in the blend leads to lower CO2 emissions.{{cite journal|last1=Navarro|first1=Emilio|last2=Leo|first2=Teresa J.|last3=Corral|first3=Roberto|title=CO2 emissions from a spark ignition engine operating on natural gas–hydrogen blends (HCNG)|journal=Applied Energy|volume=101|year=2013|pages=112–120|issn=0306-2619|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.02.046|url=http://oa.upm.es/22625/ }}
Codes and standards
The National Fire Protection Association 52 presently covers CNG and hydrogen fueling stations. Blends with < 20% hydrogen by volume
are treated identically to CNG.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ebeh.int.gov.br/imagens/PDFs/Marshal%20Miller2.pdf |title=Hydrogen enriched natural gas technology-pag.36 |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155735/http://www.ebeh.int.gov.br/imagens/PDFs/Marshal%20Miller2.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 |url-status=dead }} For the use of blends with more than 30{{Cite web |url=http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review04/tv_15_collier.pdf |title=Hydrogen and natural gas blends; Converting light and heavy duty vehicles |access-date=2012-07-19 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812191739/https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review04/tv_15_collier.pdf |url-status=dead }}-40 % of hydrogen in volume{{Cite web |url=http://www.dmf.unicatt.it/bong-hy/doc_finali/carica/wih2.pdf |title=Use of blends of hydrogen and natural gas in urban vehicles in the transition towards an hydrogen economy |access-date=2012-07-19 |archive-date=2022-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110015922/http://www.dmf.unicatt.it/bong-hy/doc_finali/carica/wih2.pdf |url-status=dead }} decision support tools[http://www.naturalhy.net/docs/final_public_presentation/09.%20WP6%20-%20Decision%20Support%20Tool.pdf Decision Support Tool] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218145834/http://www.naturalhy.net/docs/final_public_presentation/09.%20WP6%20-%20Decision%20Support%20Tool.pdf |date=2013-12-18 }} for the design are used to ensure safe use.
See also
References
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External links
- [http://www.npc.org/FTF_Topic_papers/25-HCNG.pdf Hydrogen-Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG) Transport Fuel]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140823/http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/ceneh/WICaC2012/PDF/15_Antonio_Mariani.pdf Hydrogen – Natural gas (HCNG) mixtures as fuels in internal combustion engines]
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