HD 148937

{{short description|Binary star in the constellation Coma Berenices}}

{{Starbox observe

| epoch = J2000.0

| constell = Norma

| ra = {{RA|16|33|52.387}}

| dec = {{DEC|−48|06|40.48}}

| appmag_v = 6.73

}}

{{Starbox character

| type =

| class = O6f?p

| b-v = 0.316{{±|0.003}}

| u-b =

| variable =

}}

{{Starbox astrometry

| radial_v = −53.9{{±|3.0}}

| prop_mo_ra = +0.741

| prop_mo_dec = −3.404

| pm_footnote =

| parallax = 0.8417

| p_error = 0.0223

| parallax_footnote =

| absmag_v =

}}

{{Starbox orbit

| reference =

| period_unitless = 9,390{{±|300}} days

| axis_unitless = {{val|33.45|0.73|ul=AU}}

| eccentricity = 0.7782{{±|0.0051}}

| inclination = 84.07{{±|0.10}}

| node = 277.27{{±|0.26}}

| periastron = {{val|56958.2|2.8|ul=MJD|fmt=commas}}

| periarg = 340.10{{±|0.41}}

| k1 = 28.4{{±|3.2|3.6}}

| k2 = 31.9{{±|3.7|3.4}}

}}

{{Starbox detail

| component1 = A

| mass = 29.9{{±|3.4|3.1}}

| radius =

| gravity = 4.00{{±|0.09}}

| metal_fe =

| age_myr = 5

| luminosity = 191,000{{±|28,300|24,600}}

| temperature = 37,200{{±|900|400}}

| rotational_velocity = 165{{±|20}}

| component2 = B

| mass2 = 26.6{{±|3.0|3.4}}

| radius2 =

| gravity2 = 3.61{{±|0.05|0.09}}

| metal_fe2 =

| age_myr2 =

| luminosity2 = 155,000{{±|27,000|23,000}}

| temperature2 = 35,000{{±|300|900}}

| rotational_velocity2 = 67{{±|15}}

}}

{{Starbox catalog

| names = {{odlist | BD=−47°10855 | GC=22246 | HD=148937 | HIP=81100 | PPM=321879 | SAO=226891 | WDS=J16339-4807A }}

}}

{{Starbox reference

| Simbad = HD+148937

}}

HD 148937 is a likely binary star system in the southern constellation of Norma. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 6.73, a brightness that is below the limit for being readily visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of approximately 3,900 light years from Sun, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of about −54 km/s. The star is located in the hourglass-shaped emission nebula NGC 6164/65, which it generated through episodes of mass ejection.

Observations

In 1955, C. S. Gum identified HD 148937 and possibly 15 Sagittarii as responsible for the emission from the region of NGC 6164/65. In 1959, K. G. Heinze catalogued NGC 6164/65 as a planetary nebula and placed HD 148937 at its center, with the two nebulae and the star being co-linear. However, the apparent brightness of HD 148937 is brighter than any other nucleus for a nebula of this class, and the spectra of the star raised questions about their evolutionary status. B. E. Westerlund classified the star as class O6fp in 1960, with the 'O' meaning an O-type star, 'f' indicating emission from ionized helium and nitrogen, and the 'p' meaning an unspecified peculiarity. He found a series of symmetrical nebular shells surrounding the star at angular separations of {{val|3|u=arcminute}}, {{val|4|u=arcminute}}, and {{val|44|–|64|u=arcminute}}.

File:The nebula (NGC 6164-6165) surrounding HD 148937 as seen in visible light (eso2407a).tiff

In 1970, R. M. Catchpole and M. W. Feast showed that the radial velocities for the two nebulae are consistent with them being ejecta expanding away from the central star. A very luminous absolute visual magnitude of −6 was confirmed for the central star in 1972, which demonstrated that the surroundings are not a planetary nebula. This star lies within an H II region spanning 2°, which is surrounded by a thin dust shell. In 1980, the star showed a mass loss rate of {{val|2|e=−7|ul=Solar mass}}·yr⁻¹, similar to other O-type main-sequence stars.

An abundance analysis of the surrounding nebulae in 1987 demonstrated a strong overabundance of nitrogen, which most likely comes from stellar processing. This indicates the star is evolved, rather than being in a pre-main-sequence phase. The estimated mass of the NGC 6164/6165 nebulae is twice the mass of the Sun, and it shows a kinetic age of {{val|3|e=3|u=yr}}. The surrounding stellar wind bubble is much older at {{val|2|e=5|u=yr}}.

In 2008, a magnetic field with a longitudinal strength of {{val|−276|88|ul=G}} was detected in the star. It shows spectroscopic variability with a period of {{val|7.031|0.003|u=days}}, and has a nitrogen enhancement of about four times that in the Sun. Based on variations in the magnetic field strength, the seven day variance is interpreted as the stellar rotation period. X-ray emission has been detected and is interpreted as originating in hot plasma about one stellar radius from the photosphere.

Observations of the star made between 2015 and 2019 showed a significant change in the spectrum. Radial velocity measurements made during this period suggest that this is a double-lined spectroscopic binary system of high mass stars. Initial measurements suggest they have an eccentric orbit with a period of about 26 years and an orbital eccentricity of 0.75. Only one member of the pair is magnetic, and it appears younger than the companion. This younger star may have been formed by a merger with a third member of the system, an event that can explain both the magnetic field and the surrounding nebula.

References

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| title=A Morphokinematic Study of the Enigmatic Emission Nebula NGC 6164/5 Surrounding the Magnetic O-type Star HD 148937

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| last3=Chang | first3=Seok-Jun | last4=Hutsemékers | first4=Damien

| display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal

| date=January 2024 | volume=961 | issue=1 | page=72

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| arxiv=2312.03211

| bibcode=2024ApJ...961...72L }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=A remarkable change of the spectrum of the magnetic Of?p star HD 148937 reveals evidence of an eccentric, high-mass binary

| display-authors=1 | last1=Wade | first1=G. A.

| last2=Smoker | first2=J. V. | last3=Evans | first3=C. J.

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| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

| date=February 2019 | volume=483 | issue=2 | pages=2581–2591

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| arxiv=1811.11153

| bibcode=2019MNRAS.483.2581W }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=A new planetary nebula NGC 6164-65 (Cederblad 135a, b)

| last=Henize | first=Karl G.

| journal=Astronomical Journal

| volume=64 | page=51 | year=1959

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| title=A Survey of Southern HII Regions

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| volume=67 | page=155 | year=1955

| bibcode=1955MmRAS..67..155G }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=Nebulosities ejected from the star HD 148937

| last1=Catchpole | first1=R. M. | last2=Feast | first2=M. W.

| journal=The Observatory

| date=August 1970 | volume=90

| page=136

| bibcode=1970Obs....90..136C }}

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| title=A magnetic massive star has experienced a stellar merger

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| bibcode=2024Sci...384..214F }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=The Peculiar O6f Star HD 148937 and the Symmetrically Surrounding Nebulae

| last=Johnson | first=Hugh M.

| journal=The Astrophysical Journal

| date=September 1972 | volume=176 | pages=645–649

| doi=10.1086/151666 | bibcode=1972ApJ...176..645J | hdl=2060/19730002097

| hdl-access=free

}}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=On the nebulosities associated with the extreme Of star HD 148937

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| display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal, Part 1

| date=December 1981 | volume=251 | pages=126–132

| doi=10.1086/159446 | bibcode=1981ApJ...251..126B }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=Spectrophotometry and Chemical Composition of the Oxygen-poor Bipolar Nebula NGC 6164--5

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| volume=327 | page=859 | date=April 1988

| doi=10.1086/166244 | bibcode=1988ApJ...327..859D }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=The O6.5f?p star HD 148937 and its interstellar environment

| last1=Leitherer | first1=C. | last2=Chavarria-K. | first2=C.

| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics

| date=March 1987 | volume=175 | pages=208–218

| bibcode=1987A&A...175..208L }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=Magnetic field measurements of O stars with FORS 1 at the VLT

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| display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics

| volume=490 | issue=2 | pages=793–800 | date=November 2008

| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810171 | arxiv=0808.2039

| bibcode=2008A&A...490..793H }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=The spectral variability and magnetic field characteristics of the Of?p star HD 148937

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| last2=Grunhut | first2=J. | last3=Gräfener | first3=G.

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| last6=Petit | first6=V. | last7=Vink | first7=J. S.

| last8=Bagnulo | first8=S. | last9=Folsom | first9=C. P.

| last10=Nazé | first10=Y. | last11=Walborn | first11=N. R.

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| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

| date=January 2012 | volume=419 | issue=3 | pages=2459–2471

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| arxiv=1108.4847

| bibcode=2012MNRAS.419.2459W }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=High-resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Magnetic Of?p Star HD 148937

| display-authors=1 | last1=Nazé | first1=Yaël

| last2=Zhekov | first2=Svetozar A. | last3=Walborn | first3=Nolan R.

| journal=The Astrophysical Journal

| date=February 2012 | volume=746 | issue=2 | page=142

| doi=10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/142 | arxiv=1111.7186

| bibcode=2012ApJ...746..142N }}

}}

HD 148937

Observations

References

Further reading