HL60

The HL-60 cell line is a human leukemia cell line that has been used for laboratory research on blood cell formation and physiology. HL-60 proliferates continuously in suspension culture in nutrient and antibiotic chemicals. The doubling time is about 36–48 hours. The cell line was derived from a 36-year-old woman who was originally reported to have acute promyelocytic leukemia at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallagher R, Collins S, Trujillo J, etal |title=Characterization of the continuous, differentiating myeloid cell line (HL-60) from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia |journal=Blood |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=713–733 |year=1979 |doi=10.1182/blood.V54.3.713.713 |pmid=288488 |url=http://www.bloodjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=288488 |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} HL-60 cells predominantly show neutrophilic promyelocytic morphology. Subsequent evaluation, including the karyotype that showed absence of the defining t(15;17) translocation, concluded that HL-60 cells are from a case of AML FAB-M2 (now referred to as AML with maturation (WHO)).{{cite journal|last1=Dalton WT|first1=Jr|last2=Ahearn|first2=MJ|last3=McCredie|first3=KB|last4=Freireich|first4=EJ|last5=Stass|first5=SA|last6=Trujillo|first6=JM|title=HL-60 cell line was derived from a patient with FAB-M2 and not FAB-M3.|journal=Blood|date=January 1988|volume=71|issue=1|pages=242–7|doi=10.1182/blood.V71.1.242.242 |pmid=3422031|doi-access=free}}

Proliferation of HL-60 cells occurs through the transferrin and insulin receptors, which are expressed on cell surface. The requirement for insulin and transferrin is absolute, as HL-60 proliferation immediately ceases if either of these compounds is removed from the serum-free culture media.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0014-4827(80)90296-7 | author = Breitman, T, S. Collins, B. Keene | year = 1980 | title = Replacement of serum by insulin and transferrin supports growth and differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60. | journal = Exp. Cell Res. | volume = 126 | issue = 2 | pages = 494–498 | pmid = 6988226}} With this line, differentiation to mature granulocytes can be induced by compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or retinoic acid. Other compounds like 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and GM-CSF can induce HL-60 to differentiate to monocytic, macrophage-like and eosinophil phenotypes, respectively.

The HL-60 cultured cell line provides a continuous source of human cells for studying the molecular events of myeloid differentiation and the effects of physiologic, pharmacologic, and virologic elements on this process. HL-60 cell model was used to study the effect of DNA topoisomerase (topo) IIα and IIβ on differentiation and apoptosis of cells{{cite journal | author = Sugimoto, K, K. Yamada, M. Egashira, Y. yazaki, H. Hirai, A. Kikuchi and K. Oshimi | year = 1998 | title = Temporal and Spatial Distribution of DNA Topoisomerase II Alters During Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells. | journal = Blood | volume = 91 | issue = 4 | pages = 1407–1417 | doi = 10.1182/blood.V91.4.1407 | pmid = 9454772| doi-access = free }} and is especially useful in dielectrophoresis studies,{{cite journal | author = Ratanachoo, K., Gascoyne, P.R.C. and Ruchirawat, M. | year = 2002 | title = Detection of cellular responses to toxicants by dielectrophoresis. | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 1564 | issue = 2 | pages = 449–458 | pmid= 12175928 | pmc = 2726261 | doi = 10.1016/S0005-2736(02)00494-7}} which require an aqueous environment with suspended and round cells. Furthermore, these cells have been used in order to investigate whether intracellular calcium plays a role in caspase activation induced by reactive oxygen species.{{cite journal | author = González D., Bejarano I., Barriga C., Rodríguez A.B., Pariente J.A. | year = 2010 | title = Oxidative Stress-Induced Caspases are Regulated in Human Myeloid HL-60 Cells by Calcium Signal | url = http://www.eurekaselect.com/85761/article/oxidative-stress-induced-caspases-are-regulated-human-myeloid-hl-60-cells-calcium/ | journal = Current Signal Transduction Therapy | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–186 | doi = 10.2174/157436210791112172 | url-access = subscription }}

Chromatin and gene expression profiling in HL-60 cells and differentiated cells derived from these has been performed recently.{{cite journal |author=Teif V.B., Mallm J.P., Sharma T., Mark Welch D.B., Rippe K., Eils R., Langowski J., Olins A.L., Olins D.E. |title=Nucleosome repositioning during differentiation of a human myeloid leukemia cell line. |journal=Nucleus |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=188–204 |year =2017|pmid=28406749 |doi= 10.1080/19491034.2017.1295201 |pmc=5403151}}