HMS Frobisher (D81)

{{Short description|Hawkins-class heavy cruisers for the Royal Navy}}

{{Other ships|HMS Frobisher}}

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{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox ship begin}}

{{Infobox ship image

|Ship image=Frobisher NH 60970.jpg

|Ship caption=Frobisher {{c.}} 1924–1930

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{{Infobox ship career

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|Ship country=United Kingdom

|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}

|Ship name=Frobisher

|Ship namesake = Sir Martin Frobisher

|Ship ordered=December 1915

|Ship awarded=

|Ship builder=HM Dockyard, Devonport

|Ship laid down=2 August 1916

|Ship launched=20 March 1920

|Ship christened=

|Ship commissioned=20 September 1924

|Ship out of service=1947

|Ship reclassified=*As a training ship, 1932

  • As a heavy cruiser, March 1942
  • As a training ship, May 1945

|Ship identification=Pennant number: 81 (1924);{{cite book |last1=Dittmar |first1=F J |last2=Colledge |first2=J J |title=British Warships 1914–1919 |date=1972 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=Shepperton |page=49}} I81 (1938); D81 (1940){{cite book |last1=Lenton |first1=H T |title=British Cruisers |date=1973 |publisher=Macdonald |location=London |page=151}}

|Ship fate=Sold for scrap, 26 March 1949

|Ship motto=

|Ship nickname=

|Ship honours=

}}

{{Infobox ship characteristics

|Hide header=

|Header caption=(as built)

|Ship class={{sclass|Hawkins|cruiser|0}} heavy cruiser

|Ship displacement=*{{convert|9860|LT|t|lk=on}} (standard)

|Ship length=*{{convert|604|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on|1}} (o/a)

|Ship beam={{convert|65|ft|m|abbr=on|1}}

|Ship draught={{convert|19|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on|1}} (deep load)

|Ship power=*10 × Yarrow boilers

  • {{convert|65000|shp|lk=on|abbr=on}}

|Ship propulsion=4 × shafts; 4 × geared steam turbines

|Ship speed={{convert|30.5|kn|lk=in}}

|Ship range={{convert|5640|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}

|Ship complement=709

|Ship armament=*7 × single BL 7.5 inch Mk VI naval gun

|Ship armour=*Belt: {{convert|1.5

3|in|cm|abbr=on}}

1.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}
  • Gun shields: {{convert|1|in|cm|abbr=on}}}}
  • HMS Frobisher was one of five {{sclass|Hawkins|cruiser|0}} heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. She was not finished during the war and construction proceeded very slowly after the end of the war in 1918. Completed in 1924, the ship was initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet and was transferred to the Atlantic Fleet in 1929, sometimes serving as a flagship. Placed in reserve in 1930, Frobisher was converted into a cadet training ship in 1932 before being returned to reserve in 1937. Two years later she was reactivated to again serve as a training ship.

    When the Second World War began in 1939, the Royal Navy decided to reconvert her back into a heavy cruiser, but the work was repeatedly delayed by higher-priority repairs for other ships and she did not reenter service until early 1942. Frobisher was transferred to the Eastern Fleet and spent most of the next two years on escort duty. She returned to the UK in early 1944 to participate in Operation Neptune, the naval portion of the invasion of Normandy in June. The ship bombarded German coastal defences on 6 June, but was damaged by a torpedo in August. The Royal Navy decided to convert her back into a training ship while she was under repair and that work was completed in 1945. Frobisher served in that role until she was replaced in 1947 and the vessel was sold for scrap in 1949.

    Design and description

    {{stack|File:Hawkins class cruiser diagrams Brasseys 1923.jpg 1923]]}}

    The Hawkins-class cruisers were designed to be able to hunt down commerce raiders in the open ocean, for which they needed a heavy armament, high speed and long range. Frobisher had an overall length of {{convert|604|ft|2|in|m|1}}, a beam of {{convert|65|ft|m|1}}Raven & Roberts, pp. 51, 404 and a draught of {{convert|19|ft|3|in|m|1}} at deep load.Preston, p. 63 The ship displaced {{convert|9860|LT|t|lk=on}} at (standard load) and {{convert|12300|LT|t}} at deep load.Raven & Roberts, p. 404 Her crew numbered 37 officers and 672 ratings.

    The ships were originally designed with {{convert|60000|shp|lk=on|adj=on}} propulsion machinery, but the Admiralty decided in 1917 to replace their four coal-fired boilers with more powerful oil-burning ones. This change could only be applied to the three least-advanced ships, including Frobisher, although she did not receive the full upgrade. The ship was powered by four Brown-Curtis geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by 10 Yarrow boilers that were ducted into two funnels. The turbines were rated at {{cvt|65000|shp}} for a speed of {{convert|30.5|kn|lk=in}}.Friedman, p. 69; Raven & Roberts, pp. 52–53 Frobisher carried {{cvt|2186|LT|t}} of fuel oil to give her a range of {{convert|5640|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.Friedman, p. 390

    The main armament of the Hawkins-class ships consisted of seven BL 7.5 inch Mk VI naval gun in single mounts protected by {{convert|1|in|adj=on|0}} gun shields. They were arranged with five guns on the centreline, four of which were in superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, the fifth gun was further aft on the quarterdeck, and the last two as wing guns abreast the aft funnel. Their anti-aircraft suite consisted of three QF 4-inch naval gun Mk V and a pair of QF 2 pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark II guns. Two of the Mk V guns were positioned at the base of the mainmast and the third gun was on the quarterdeck. The two-pounders were mounted on a platform between the funnels. The ships were also fitted with six 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, one submerged and two above water on each broadside.Friedman, pp. 66–67; Raven & Roberts, pp. 61, 404

    Frobisher{{'}}s guns were controlled by a mechanical Mark III Dreyer Fire-control Table. It used data provided by the {{convert|15|ft|m|adj=on|1}} coincidence rangefinder in the gunnery director positioned under the spotting top at the head of the tripod mast. The ship was also fitted with three {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=on|1}} rangefinders.Raven & Roberts, p. 405

    The Hawkins class were protected by a full-length waterline armoured belt that covered most of the ships' sides. It was thickest over the boiler and engine rooms, ranging from {{convert|1.5|to|3|in|mm|0}} thick. Their magazines were protected by an additional {{convert|0.5|to|1|in|}} of armour. There was a 1-inch aft transverse bulkhead and the conning tower was protected by 3-inch armour plates. The ships' deck protection consisted of 1 to 1.5 inches of high-tensile steel.

    Construction and career

    Frobisher, named after Admiral Sir Martin Frobisher, one of the leaders of the fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada in 1587,Raven & Roberts, p. 51 has been the only ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy.Colledge & Warlow, p. 134 The ship was ordered in December 1915, laid down by HM Dockyard, Devonport on 2 August 1916, launched on 20 March 1920 and completed on 20 September 1924. She was assigned to the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet after working up.Morris, p. 169 The ship's Royal Marines participated in an amphibious landing exercise in June 1926.Halpern, pp. 493–494 Rear-Admiral William Boyle hoisted his flag in Frobisher when he took command of the squadron in September. The squadron was temporarily deployed to the China Station before Boyle relinquished commandHeathcote, p. 32 on 10 September 1928 to Rear-Admiral Henry Parker.{{cite web |title=Henry Wise Parker |url=http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Henry_Wise_Parker |website=Dreadnought Project.org |access-date=15 October 2020}} The ship participated in a torpedo exercise on 24 August and then in a fleet exercise in January and a combined exercise with the Atlantic Fleet in March 1929.Halpern, pp. 519–520, 531, 536, 540, 556

    In 1927–1928 Frobisher was briefly fitted with a prototype F.I.H aircraft catapult and a crane on the quarterdeck, displacing the four-inch AA gun. Together with a fourth AA gun, the displaced gun was moved to a platform between the funnels.Friedman, p. 89; Raven & Roberts, p. 61 In 1929–1930 the ship served with the Atlantic Fleet. By June 1930 her aft superfiring gun had been removed to provide space for a floatplane and her superstructure was built up around the base of the mainmast.Friedman, p. 68 Later that year Frobisher was reduced to reserve and became the flagship of the Vice-Admiral Commanding the Reserve. The ship was converted to a cadet training ship in 1932 and the forward quarterdeck 7.5-inch gun and two 4-inch AA guns were removed. By July 1935 she had received her aircraft catapult where the aft superfiring 7.5-inch gun had been located. All of her guns were removed in 1936, as were the above-water torpedo tubes, and a single {{convert|4.7|in|adj=on}} was added.Friedman, p. 69; Raven & Roberts, p. 225 Frobisher returned to reserve in 1937 and was stationed at Devonport. The ship was transferred to Portsmouth in early 1939 where she again served as a cadet training ship.

    =Wartime service=

    File:Frobisher16June1942.jpg

    Shortly before the Second World War began in September, the Royal Navy decided to give Frobisher and her sister ship {{HMS|Hawkins|D86|2}} limited rebuilds along the lines of their sister {{HMS|Effingham||2}}, but with their original armament reinstalled. Work was planned to begin in September, but it did not start until 5 January 1940 at a very low priority.Friedman, pp. 73–74; Raven & Roberts, pp. 229, 430

    The original plan was to reinstall all seven 7.5-inch guns and the above-water torpedo tubes, increase the number of 4-inch AA guns to five, add two quadruple and two single two-pounder mounts, and three Oerlikon 20 mm cannon AA guns. To do this the catapult and crane were removed and the built up superstructure around the mainmast was removed. In 1941 the plan was revised in light of battle experience and another pair of quadruple two-pounder mounts replaced the wing 7.5-inch guns and the single two-pounder mounts were exchanged for four additional Oerlikons. Before the refit was completed in March 1942, a Type 281 early-warning radar, a Type 273 surface-search radar and a pair of Type 285 anti-aircraft gunnery radars were fitted on the roofs of the newly installed four-inch directors. A set of depth-charge rails was added on the stern and the ship was fitted with hydrophones at the bow.Friedman, pp. 66, 74

    {{stack|File:D-day - British Forces during the Invasion of Normandy 6 June 1944 A23920.jpg {{HMS|Roberts|F40|2}} is firing in the foreground, 6 June 1944]]}}

    Frobisher was assigned to the 4th Cruiser Squadron of the Eastern Fleet after the refit was completed and began escorting convoys and the fleet's capital ships in the Indian Ocean.Morris, p. 169; Rohwer, p. 299; Whitley, p. 80 The ship took over the tow of the French light cruiser {{ship|French destroyer|Le Triomphant||2}} in December 1943 after she had been badly damaged in a typhoon; they arrived in Diego Suarez, Madagascar, on 19 December.Jordan & Moulin, p. 250 Frobisher returned to the UK in March 1944 to prepare for Operation Neptune;Whitley, p. 80 the ship had her anti-aircraft armament augmented by a dozen single Oerlikons and her four quadruple two-pounder mounts were replaced by a pair of octuple mounts during a refit that lasted from 5 April to May.Raven & Roberts, p. 430

    On 6 June Frobisher was assigned to Gunfire Bombardment Support Force D which initially targeted the defenses at Sword Beach during the D-Day landings. The ship is known to have bombarded the coastal artillery position at Riva-Bella in OuistrehamBuffetaut, p. 59 and to have knocked out the fire-control observation post in the town proper with a direct hit.Ford, p. 91 During this time, her manually loaded main guns are reported to have fired at a rate of five rounds per minute.Brown, p. 8 In August, she and the repair ship {{HMAS|Albatross|seaplane tender|2}} were damaged by long-range G7e Dackel torpedoes fired from E-boats in the Baie de la Seine.Rohwer, p. 346

    While Frobisher was under repair at HM Dockyard, Chatham, the Royal Navy decided to reconvert her into a training ship for 150 cadets. After her repairs were completed in September, the ship steam north to Rosyth, Scotland, to begin the conversion. The two superfiring and the aft quarterdeck 7.5-inch guns were removed as were the four amidships 4-inch AA guns, the octuple two-pounder mounts, some of the single Oerlikons and the depth-charge rails. The directors for the two-pounder guns were also removed. A {{convert|6|in|adj=on}} gun was added in the forward superfiring position and a quadruple 21-inch torpedo mount where the aft quarterdeck 7.5-inch gun had been located. Her Type 281 radar was probably replaced by a Type 291 early-warning radar at this time. When her conversion was completed in May 1945, her armament consisted of three 7.5-inch guns, one 6-inch gun, a 4-inch AA gun, 11 or 13 Oerlikons and the quadruple torpedo mount.Friedman, pp. 66, 74–75 By July 1946, Frobisher{{'}}s 4-inch high-angle directors had been removed.Raven & Roberts, pp. 366–367 The ship was replaced as a cadet training ship by the heavy cruiser {{HMS|Devonshire|39|2}} in 1947. She was sold for scrap to John Cashmore Ltd on 26 March 1949 and arrived at their facility in Newport, Wales, to be broken up on 11 May of that year.Whitley, pp. 80, 89

    Notes

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    References

    • {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=David K. |title=Re: E's and Super Es |journal=Warship International |date=1997 |volume=XXXIV |issue=1 |pages=7–8|issn=0043-0374|author-link=David K. Brown}}
    • {{cite book|last=Buffetaut|first=Yves|title=D-Day Ships: The Allied Invasion Fleet, June 1944|year=1994|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-152-1}}
    • {{Cite Colledge2006}}
    • {{cite book |last1=Ford |first1=Ken |title=D-Day (3): Sword Beach & the British Airborne Landings |date=2002 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Botley, UK |isbn=1-84176-366-7|series=Campaign|volume=105}}
    • {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After|year=2010|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-59114-078-8 |author-link=Norman Friedman}}
    • {{cite book|editor1-last=Halpern|editor1-first=Paul|title=The Mediterranean Fleet 1920–1929|date=2011|publisher=Ashgate|series=Navy Records Society Publications|volume=158|location=Farnham, Surrey, UK|isbn=978-1-4094-2756-8}}
    • {{cite book|last=Heathcote |first=Tony |title=The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995 |publisher=Pen & Sword |year=2002|location=Barnsley, UK |isbn=0-85052-835-6}}
    • {{cite book|last1=Jordan|first1=John|last2=Moulin|first2=Jean|title=French Destroyers: Torpilleurs d'Escadre & Contre-Torpilleurs 1922–1956|year=2015|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-198-4 |name-list-style=amp}}
    • {{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Douglas |title=Cruisers of the Royal and Commonwealth Navies Since 1879 |date=1987 |publisher=Maritime Books |location=Liskeard, UK |isbn=0-907771-35-1}}
    • {{cite book|editor1-last=Gray|editor1-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 |year=1985 |location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-85177-245-5 |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Great Britain and Empire Forces|first1=Antony|last1=Preston|author-link=Antony Preston|pages=1–104}}
    • {{cite book|last1=Raven|first1=Alan|last2=Roberts |first2= John|title=British Cruisers of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1980|isbn=0-87021-922-7 |name-list-style=amp}}
    • {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2|author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}
    • {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|publisher=Cassell|location=London|year=1995|isbn=1-86019-874-0|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}}