HMS Leander (1780)#The Leander affair

She was commissioned in June 1780 under Captain Thomas Shirley.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}}{{efn|She was the first Royal Navy vessel to be named for the Leander of the Greek myth of Hero and Leander.}} Leander cruised for some time in the North Sea.

At the end of 1781, Leander and the sloop-of-war {{HMS|Alligator|1780|6}} sailed for the Dutch Gold Coast with a convoy, consisting of a few merchant-vessels and transports. Britain was at war with the Dutch Republic and Shirley launched an unsuccessful attack on 17 February on the Dutch outpost at Elmina, being repulsed four days later. Leander and Shirley then went on to capture the small Dutch forts at Moree (Fort Nassau – 20 guns), Kormantine (Courmantyne or Fort Amsterdam – 32 guns; 6 March), Apam (Fort Lijdzaamheid or Fort Patience – 22 guns; 16 March), Senya Beraku (Berricoe, Berku, Fort Barracco or Fort Goede Hoop – 18 guns; 23 March), and Accra (Fort Crèvecœur or Ussher Fort – 32 guns; 30 March).Crooks (1973), pp.51 and 62.{{cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_ii.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041610/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_ii.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2011|title=NMM, vessel ID 369980|work=Warship Histories, vol ii|publisher=National Maritime Museum|access-date=30 July 2011}} Leander also destroyed the French store-ship {{ship||Officeuse|1776 ship|2}}, off Senegal, supposed to be worth £30,000.{{London Gazette|page=4|issue=12312|date=9 July 1782}} Shirley garrisoned those facilities with personnel from Cape Coast.Crooks (1973), p.62.

Shirley sent two sets of dispatches back to Britain. One set went in the transport sloop Ulysses, which was under the command of Captain Frodsham. The French frigate Fée captured Ulysses and took her into Brest, but not before her captain had weighted the dispatches and thrown them overboard. Shirley's first lieutenant, Mr. Van court, took the second set in the cartel transport Mackerel, which also carried the Dutch governors of the forts to Europe.

Shirley then sailed to the West Indies where towards the end of 1782 as senior captain he became commanding officer prior to the arrival of Admiral Hugh Pigot. Pigot promoted him to captain of the 90-gun {{HMS|Union|1756|6}}.

Pigot appointed Captain John Willet Payne to replace Shirley. On 18 January 1783, Leander was escorting a cartel when the two vessels encountered a large French warship at midnight. After an inconclusive engagement of two hours, Leander and her opponent separated. Pigot reported that the French vessel was probably a 74-gun ship of the line. Furthermore, rumour had it that she was the Couronne and that she had gone on to Puerto Rico.{{London Gazette|page=2|issue=12432|date=15 April 1783}} On 4 March, Leander captured the brig Bella Juditta.{{London Gazette|page=398|issue=12675|date=20 August 1785}} Leander was one of the five warships and the armed storeship Sally that shared in the proceeds of the capture on 23 March of the ship Arend op Zee.{{London Gazette|page=133|issue=12737|date=25 March 1786}} Captain J. Reynolds took command briefly in 1784 before Leander was paid-off in Portsmouth in April.

She was recommissioned in August 1786, after repairs in 1785. Captain Sir James Barclay commissioned Leander in August 1786 and then sailed her for Nova Scotia on 9 April 1787.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}} She served as flagship for Sir Herbert Sawyer in 1788 until paid off in September. Captain Joseph Peyton, Jr. immediately recommissioned her as the flagship for his father Rear-Admiral Joseph Peyton, Sr. She sailed for the Mediterranean on 22 December.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}}

Leander was recommissioned in May 1795 under Captain Maurice Delgano. On 12 May 1796, she was part of Admiral Duncan's squadron, when {{HMS|Phoenix|17823|6}}, of the squadron, captured the Dutch frigate Argo and the brig Mercury.{{London Gazette|page=1174|issue=13957|date=3 December 1796}} The Royal Navy took both Argo and Mercury into service: Argo became {{HMS|Janus|1796|6}} and Mercury became {{HMS|Hermes|1796|6}}. Leander shared by agreement in the proceeds of the capture of the Vrow Hendrica, captured on 22 October.{{London Gazette|page=283|issue=15462|date=16 March 1802}}

In November 1796, Leander came under the command of Captain Thomas Boulden Thompson. She then escorted a convoy to Gibraltar on 7 January 1797.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}}

Leander joined the Mediterranean Fleet under Earl St Vincent, and was assigned to the squadron under Horatio Nelson.{{Cite book |title=Annual Biography and Obituary |pages=319–29}} Thompson took part in Nelson's attack on Santa Cruz in July 1797. Thompson was among the leaders of the landing parties, under the overall direction of Nelson and Thomas Troubridge. Wind hampered the initial attempts to force a landing; the Spanish defenders immediately subjected the successful landing in the evening of 22 July to heavy fire. Still, Thompson's party were able to advance and spike several of the enemy's cannon. However, the British forces had become dispersed throughout the town, and were forced to negotiate a truce to allow them to withdraw. Thompson himself was wounded in the battle. Leander lost seven men killed, 6 wounded (including Thompson), and one missing.{{London Gazette|page=836|issue=14041|date=29 August 1797}}

Under Captain Thomas Thompson Leander took part in the Battle of the Nile on 1 August 1798. She was able to exploit a gap in the French line and anchor between Peuple Souverain and {{ship|French ship|Franklin|1797|2}}, from which position she raked both enemy ships while protected from their broadsides. In the battle she suffered only 14 men wounded.{{London Gazette|page=917|issue=15065|date=2 October 1798}}

Carrying Nelson's dispatches from the Nile and accompanied by Sir Edward Berry, Leander encountered the 74-gun French third rate {{ship|French ship|Généreux|1785|2}} off Crete on 18 August 1798. In the subsequent action, Leander lost 35 men killed and 57 wounded, including Thompson.{{London Gazette|issue=15082|pages=1109–1110 |date=20 November 1798}} The French suffered 100 killed and 180 wounded, but captured Leander. The French took her into service under her existing name.

The French treated the prisoners badly and plundered almost everything but the clothes the British had on their backs. When Thompson remonstrated with Captain Lejoille of Généreux, Lejoille answered nonchalantly, "J'en suis fâché, mais le fait est, que les Français sont bons au pillage." ("I'm sorry about that, but the fact is, the French are good at pillaging.")James (1837), Vol.2, pp.234-236. They refused treatment for Thompson, who had been badly wounded. Leander{{'}}s surgeon, Mr. Mulberry, was able to remove a musket ball from Thompson's arm only after the vessels reached Corfu on 1 September and he was smuggled aboard the vessel where the French were holding Thompson. Most of the officers returned to Britain on parole but the French detained a number of seamen, and in particular Thomas Jarrat, the carpenter, after he refused to reveal to them the dimensions of Leander{{'}}s masts and spars. Captain Lejoille tried, albeit unsuccessfully, to get some of the British crew that he had detained to assist him when a Turko-Russian fleet appeared off Corfu. The British refused.

The subsequent court-martial aboard {{HMS|America|1777|6}} at Sheerness most honourably acquitted Thompson, his officers, and his crew. The court also thanked Berry for the assistance he gave during the battle. As Thompson was rowed back to shore, the crews of all the ships at Sheerness saluted him with three cheers.Naval Chronicle, Vol. 1, p.87. He was subsequently knighted and awarded a pension of £200 per annum.(Obituary)

Leander was at Corfu when a joint Russian and Ottoman force besieged the island. On 28 February 1799, the Russians and Ottomans attacked Vido, a small island (less than a kilometer across) at the mouth of the port of Corfu. A four-hour bombardment by several ships suppressed all five shore batteries on the island. Leander and the corvette Brune tried to intervene but were damaged and forced to retreat to the protection of the batteries of Corfu.

The Russians and Turks recaptured Leander and Brune when Corfu capitulated to them on 3 March 1799.{{London Gazette|issue=15119|page=289|date=26 March 1799}}{{efn|The French classified Brune as a corvette, and the terms of capitulation refer to her as a corvette. However, she was rated as carrying 28 guns and so would qualify as a frigate in British parlance.{{London Gazette|issue=15120|pages=303–304|date=30 March 1799}}}} The Russians restored Leander to the Royal Navy.{{London Gazette|issue=15149|page=614|date=18 June 1799}}Naval Chronicle, Vol. 2, p.377. They also gave Brune to the Ottomans.

Leander was recommissioned in the Mediterranean under Commander Adam Drummond in June 1799. In September Captain Michael Halliday took command.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}}

From July 1801 to June 1802, she refitted at Deptford. She recommissioned in May under Captain James Oughton as flagship for Vice-Admiral Sir Andrew Mitchell.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}}

In July, she sailed for Halifax. Captain Francis Fane took command a year later, in August 1803, with Captain Alexander Skene replacing him in November.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}} On 16 August 1804, Leander was in company with {{HMS|Cambrian|1797|6}} when they recaptured Hibberts.{{London Gazette|page=946|issue=16382|date=26 June 1810}}

She then had three more captains within the year: George Ralph Collier, Oughton again, and from November, John Talbot.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}}

On 23 February 1805, while on the Halifax station, Leander discovered the French frigate Ville de Milan, under Captain Pierre Guillet, and the British {{HMS|Cleopatra|1779|2}}, which Ville de Milan had captured the day before. The engagement between Ville de Milan and Cleopatra had left both ships greatly damaged. Consequently, when they encountered Leander they struck to Leander without a fight. Leander came upon Cleopatra first, and as soon as she struck, the British prisoners on board her, i.e., her original crew, took possession of her. She then followed Leander towards Ville de Milan, which too struck.{{London Gazette|pages=540–541|issue=15799|date=20 April 1805}} The Navy took Ville de Milan into service as {{HMS|Milan|1805|6}}.{{efn|The prize money for Ville de Milan for a petty officer was £1 19s 6d; for an able seaman it was 9s 6d.{{London Gazette|page=391|issue=16128|date=15 March 1808}}}}

On 3 June, Leander captured Nancy.{{London Gazette|page=898|issue=16157|date=25 June 1808}}{{efn|The final prize money payment for Nancy was £1 10s 10d for a petty officer, and 6s 11d for an able seaman.{{London Gazette|page=411|issue=16352|date=17 March 1810}}}} Three days later she captured Elizabeth.{{London Gazette|page=1441|issue=16081|date=31 October 1807}} The next day Leander captured Volunteer.{{London Gazette|page=1096|issue=16170|date=9 August 1808}} On 12 October, Leander captured Vengeance.{{London Gazette|page=273|issue=16121|date=20 February 1808}}{{efn|The prize money for Vengeance for a petty officer was £1 4s 0d; for an able seaman it was 5s.}} At some point Leander pressed a seaman from the crew of {{ship||Juverna|1804 ship|2}}, which was returning to England from Suriname where she had delivered a cargo of slaves.

Thereafter, in recognition of the capture of Ville de Milan and the recapture of Cleopatra, the Admiralty promoted Talbot to command of ship of the line {{HMS|Centaur|1797|2}}.[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26934?docPos=4 Talbot, Sir John], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, J. K. Laughton, retrieved 25 May 2008

File:John Pierce who was murdered by a shot from the Leander a British 50 gun ship fourth rate. 28th of April 1806 LCCN2003679999.jpg

HMS Leander then came under the command of Captains William Lyall and Henry Whitby.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}} Leander, {{HMS|Driver|1797|6}} under Slingsby Simpson, and {{HMS|Cambrian|1797|6}}, under John Nairne, were repeatedly stationed off Sandy Hook, ostensibly to keep watch on two French frigates that had taken refuge in the harbour. However, in the summer of 1804, the warships began stopping and boarding all American ships going into New York just outside the United States's three-mile territorial limit, and searching them for any French goods. If anything suspicious was found, the ship was detained and taken to Halifax.

On 25 April 1806, Leander fired a warning shot over the bow of a merchantman, signalling it to stop. The cannonball passed into the harbour, decapitating John Pierce, the helmsman of the Richard, a small coasting sloop inside the harbour. The sloop's captain, who was Pierce's brother, made his way to New York City, where he gathered a mob that paraded Pierce's body and head through the streets. The next day, an angry mob intercepted a party from Leander returning to their ship with a load of provisions; the mob seized the provisions and placed them on twenty carts, the lead one bearing a pole flying an American flag and a British one below it. The carts were wheeled around the city as members of the mob beat drums. When the crowd reached Alms House, the provisions were given to the poor, and the British flag was burned. Protest meetings were held over the incident. John Pierce was given a large public funeral. Four of Leander{{'}}s officers caught ashore were imprisoned for their own protection, and were later secretly released.[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1890/11/02/103275408.pdf] New York Times synopsis of the book The seventh Regiment.Budiansky, Stephen: Perilous Fight: America's intrepid war with Britain on the high seas, 1812-1815 On 14 June, President Thomas Jefferson issued a proclamation against Captain Whitby. He ordered Leander, Driver and Cambrian immediately to quit US waters and forbade them ever to return. He extended the same prohibition to all vessels that Captains Whitby, John Nairne and Simpson might command.Draft of Proclamation concerning "Leander" - Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 10 (Correspondence and Papers 1803-1807) [1905], Ed. Paul Leicester Ford, Federal Edition (New York and London, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904-5).

[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65715#axzz1yqhkENmB]

Proclamation - Ordering the Arrest of British Citizens Henry Whitley, John Nairn, and Slingsby Simpson for the Murder of John Pierce - Thomas Jefferson, The American Presidency Project Whitby was court martialed in England on the charge of murdering John Pierce, but was acquitted.

On 26 April, Leander, Cambrian and Driver captured the American ship Aurora.{{London Gazette|page=319|issue=16575|date=15 February 1812}}

In May, Captain Salusbury Pryce Humphreys took command of Leander at Halifax as she became the flagship for Admiral George Berkeley.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}} Captain Richard Raggett then sailed her back to Britain in 1807.

By 1807, Leander was out of commission at Portsmouth. In 1808, she was in Plymouth. In October 1810, Leander was fitted as a medical depot ship at Portsmouth.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}} In 1813, the Admiralty commissioned a new {{HMS|Leander|1813|3}} so the old Leander was given the name Hygeia. Hygeia was sold on 14 April 1817 to a Mr. Thomas for £2,100.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=159}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• Crooks, John Joseph (1973) Records Relating to the Gold Coast Settlements from 1750 To 1874. (London: Taylor & Francis). {{ISBN|978-0-7146-1647-6}}
• {{Cite book |first=Rif|last=Winfield|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|publisher=Seaforth|year=2008|isbn=978-1-86176-246-7}}

{{WarshipHist}}

• {{Commons category-inline|HMS Leander (ship, 1780)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leander (1780)}}

Category:Frigates of the Royal Navy

Category:1780 ships

Category:Captured ships