HSMG

{{Short description|Polycrystalline graphene}}HSMG (High Strength Metallurgical Graphene) is polycrystalline graphene, grown from a liquid phase.{{Cite web|title = The growth of a polycrystalline graphene from a liquid phase|url = http://www.nsti.org/procs/Nanotech2013v1/2/W2.312|website = www.nsti.org|accessdate = 2015-07-01}}

This process, in comparison to other methods based on using solid substrates, allows to manufacture defect-free graphene structures. HSMG is formed on a perfectly flat surface - liquid metal. While growing graphene on solid substrates is difficult due to surface irregularities and defects. Growing graphene on a liquid metal matrix enables the rotation of graphene grains, resulting in forming a continuous graphene sheet.{{Cite web|title = Single and Multilayer Growth of Graphene from the Liquid Phase|url = http://www.scientific.net/AMM.510.8|website = www.scientific.net|accessdate = 2015-07-01}} Because of that, the grain disorientation angle is close to zero. Large-area graphene sheets formed with this method have high mechanical durability, close to graphene's theoretical values. This production method has been developed and patented by a team of scientists from the Institute of Materials Science of Lodz University of Technology, under the direction of Piotr Kula.{{Cite web|title = Polish scientists find way to make super-strong graphene sheets {{!}} Graphene-Info|url = http://www.graphene-info.com/polish-scientists-find-way-make-super-strong-graphene-sheets|website = www.graphene-info.com|accessdate = 2015-07-01}} HSMG graphene's commercialisation and applications are being handled by a spin-off institution - Advanced Graphene Products sp. z o.o.{{Cite web|title = Engineering graphene : Compute Scotland|url = http://www.computescotland.com/engineering-graphene-7894.php|website = www.computescotland.com|accessdate = 2015-07-01}}