Haikou dialect
{{Short description|Min Chinese dialect of Hainan, China}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Haikou
|nativename={{lang|hnm-CN|海口話}}
|pronunciation={{IPA|[hai˨˩˧ xau˨˩˧ ue˨˧]}}
|states=Southern China
|speakers=?
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Sinitic
|fam3=Chinese
|fam4=Min
|fam5=Coastal Min
|fam7=Hainanese
|ancestor=Proto-Sino-Tibetan
|ancestor2=Old Chinese{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Glottolog |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=Leipzig |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}}}
|ancestor3=Proto-Min
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=hain1237
|glottorefname=Fucheng
|lingua=79-AAA-ked
|notice=IPA
}}
The Haikou dialect is a topolect of Chinese and a subvariety of Hainanese spoken in Haikou, the capital of the Hainan province and island of China.
Phonology
The Haikou dialect has the following initials:{{sfnp|Chen|1996|p=4}}
| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;" | ||||
| colspan="2" |
! Labial | Dental | Sibilant | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rowspan="2" | Stop / Affricate
! {{small|voiceless}} | || t || ts || k || ʔ | ||||
| {{small|voiced implosive}}
| ɓ || ɗ || || || | ||||
| colspan="2" | Nasal
| m || n || || ŋ || | ||||
| rowspan="2" | Fricative
! {{small|voiceless}} | f || || s || x || h | ||||
| {{small|voiced}}
| v || || z || || | ||||
| colspan="2" | Lateral
| || l || || || |
The finals are:{{sfnp|Chen|1996|p=5}}
| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;" | ||||||||
| colspan=3 | Vocalic codas
! colspan=3 | Nasal codas ! colspan=3 | Stop codas | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | ai | au | am | aŋ | ap | ak | ||
| ia | iau | iam | iaŋ | iap | iak | |||
| ua | uai | uaŋ | uak | |||||
| ɛ | e | eŋ | ek | |||||
| ue | ||||||||
| o | ɔi | ɔu | ɔm | ɔŋ | ɔp | ɔk | ||
| io | iɔŋ | iɔk | ||||||
| i | iu | im | in | ip | it | |||
| u | ui | un | oŋ | uk | ok |
There are also two syllabic nasals, /m̩/ and /ŋ̍/.{{sfnp|Chen|1996|p=5}}
The tone categories (described using Chao tone letters) are:{{sfnp|Chen|1996|p=5}}{{sfnp|Yan|2006|p=142}}
| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;" | ||||
| level | rising | departing | entering | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| upper
| ˨˦ || ˨˩˧ || ˧˥ || ˥ | ||||
| rowspan="2" | lower
| rowspan="2" | ˨˩ | colspan="2" | ˧ | rowspan="2" | ˧ | ||||
| colspan="2" | ʔ˥ |
See also
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist}}
Sources
- {{citation
| title = Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn | script-title =zh:海口方言詞典
| trans-title = Haikou dialect dictionary
| surname = Chen | given = Hongmai
| location = Nanjing | publisher = Jiangsu Education Press | year = 1996
| series = Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects | volume = 16
| isbn = 978-7-5343-2886-2
| postscript = .
}}
- {{citation
| given = Margaret Mian | surname = Yan
| title = Introduction to Chinese Dialectology
| publisher = LINCOM Europa | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-89586-629-6
| postscript = .
}}
{{Min Chinese}}
{{st-lang-stub}}