Hajong language

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The language now spoken by the Hajong people may be considered an Indo-Aryan language because of language shift from a Tibeto-Burman language.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Old Hajong or Khati Hajong may have been related to Garo, of Tibeto-Burman origin.

The Hajong Language varies within the clans because of regional variations. There are five notable clans of the Hajong people.

:* Doskinw

:* Korebaryw

:* Susungyw

:* Barohazaryw

:* Miespwryw

The Hajong language is written by using both the Latin and the Bengali scripts.{{Cite web |url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&uid=d9h6e99bbg |title=Hajong |website=ScriptSource}} Although both scripts are used in India, the Hajongs in Bangladesh expect to use the Bengali script since most education is in Bengali medium.Ahmad, S., A. Kim, S. Kim, and M. Sangma. (2005). The Hajong of Bangladesh: A sociolinguistic survey. http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/42943, p. 13. However, Hajongs living is Dhemaji and surrounding areas use Assamese script. In each script, there is one added unique symbol for the close back unrounded vowel /ɯ/. In Latin script, it is written with "w" and in the Eastern Nagari script with "{{lang|as|অৗ}}" at the end of a syllable.Guts, Y. (2007). Phonological description of the Hajong language. Masters Thesis. Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit.

Hajong has 23 consonant phonemes, 8 vowel phonemes, and 2 approximants that have some characteristics of consonants: /w/ and /j/ act as diphthongs. The vowel phonemes are /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɔ/ and /ɯ/ (close, back, unrounded). Unlike other Indo-Aryan languages, Hajong language has only one 'i' and 'u'. It is somewhat ambiguous whether the final vowel is a phoneme or an allophone of [a] in the environment of other close vowels. The extra vowel /ɯ/ does not occur in other Indo-Aryan languages but is typical for the Tibeto-Burman family.Guts, Y. (2007). Phonological description of the Hajong language. Masters Thesis. Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit; p 59. Codas j and ch in the final position of a syllable turns into an s sound. Hajong includes some vowel harmony and the devoicing of final consonants.

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Vowels play an important role in changing the meaning of words and the grammatical structure of sentences. Unlike in most other Indo-Aryan languages like Assamese and Bengali, Hajong has no distinction between longer and shorter /i/ and /u/. The Assamese script lacks some vowels unique to Hajong phonology, which is gradually leading to a vowel shift. Since vowels play an important role in Hajong grammar, the grammatical structure is also changing.

Hajong primarily has a canonical word order of subject–object–verb, and the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear or usually appear in that order. Hajong has a strong tendency to use postpositions, rather than prepositions; to place auxiliary verbs after the action verb; to place genitive noun phrases before the possessed noun; and to have subordinators appear at the end of subordinate clauses.

Hajong is an agglutinative language in which words are often combined and compressed, and there is often no pause between words of a sentence.

Even though it is considered an Eastern Indo-Aryan language, Hajong does not conjugate verbs in the same way as Bengali or Asamiya but rather has a simplified system. The case endings in Hajong are also unique compared to other Indo-Aryan languages and may represent affinity with Tibeto-Burman languages.{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=G. A. |year=1967 |orig-year=First published 1903 |title=Linguistic survey of India |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=215 |oclc=27793754}}{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=V. C. |year=2011 |chapter=Case Marking in Hajong |editor1=G. Hyslop |editor2=S. Morey |editor3=M. Post |title=North East Indian Linguistics: Volume 3 |pages=224–240 |location=Delhi |publisher=Foundation Books |chapter-url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/30/24/13302404818480000534826972558393126640/Case_Marking_in_Hajong_Final_PROOF_ready.pdf}} The following table is taken from Phillips:

The genitive and unmarked or accusative cases have two forms respectively; rw/ra and lw/la. For words ending with the vowels /a/, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ it becomes ra and la and for /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/ and /ɯ/ it becomes rw and lw. The vowels /ɛ/(e) and /ɔ/(o) are used to end interrogative sentences, like Bhat khase? (have you taken your food?) and Bhat khabo? (Do you want to eat?); and the vowels /e/(ei) and /o/(ou) are used at the end of declarative sentences, as in Bhat khasei ([I] have taken my food.) and Bhat Khabou ([I] will eat.). Adding the suffix bw or ba to interrogative words turn them into indefinite pronouns; for example, kibw means something, kwibw means someone, kumaba means somewhere and also kwibw, kageba, kundwbw and kalaba means 'I don't know who/whom/which/whose' respectively in English. Similarly adding the suffix ha and ga to verbs means 'come and (verb)' and 'go and (verb)' respectively; for example, khaha means come and eat, niha means come and take; khaga means go and eat and niga means go and take.

A unique feature of Hajong is the use of honorifics. When talking about someone superior in status, a speaker usually uses special nouns or verb endings to indicate the subject's superiority. Unlike Assamese, Bengali, Sylheti and other Indo-Aryan languages, there is no word like আপুনি/আপনি/আফনে(apuni/apni/afne) to substitute you. Instead, Hajong has a different way to indicate supremacy of the other person. For elders and others of high ranking, people second-person and third-person pronouns are never used. One must always refer elders with their name or their honorary title. Ending words with 'ge' and 'ha' is also a form of showing respect to another person.

Phrases from the Hajong – English Phrase Book:{{harvnb|Hajong|Phillips|Phillips|2008}}

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• {{citation |last1=Hajong |first1=Abonis |last2=Phillips |first2=D |last3=Phillips |first3=V |title=Hajong–English Phrase Book |publisher=SIL International |year=2008 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/17/94/43/17944307071856830681259992851645036622/Hajong_Phrasebook.pdf}}
• {{cite journal |last=Mahanta |first=Sakuntala |year=2012 |title=Assamese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=217–224 |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000096 |doi-access=free}}

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{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Languages of Northeast India}}

Category:Hajong culture

Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages

Category:Languages of Assam

Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh

Category:Languages of Meghalaya

Category:Languages of Bangladesh

Category:Subject–object–verb languages