Hakim Jamal

{{Infobox person

| name = Hakim Jamal

| image = Gale Benson and Hakim Jamal.jpg

| alt = Hakim Jamal in London, March 1, 1971

| caption = Gale Benson and Hakim Jamal in London, March 1, 1971

| birth_name = Allen Donaldson

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|03|28}}

| birth_place = Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1973|05|01|1931|03|28}}

| death_place = Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.

| death_cause = Gunshot wounds

| other_names =

| occupation = {{hlist|Activist|author}}

| years_active =

| known_for =

| notable_works =

}}

Hakim Abdullah Jamal (born Allen Donaldson; March 28, 1931 – May 1, 1973) was an American activist and writer. He was an associate of Michael X and wrote From the Dead Level, a memoir of his life and memories of Malcolm X. During his life, Jamal was romantically involved with several high-profile women, notably Jean Seberg, Diana Athill, and Gale Benson.

Early life

Donaldson was born in Roxbury, Boston, in 1931. His father was an alcoholic, and his mother abandoned him when he was 6. Donaldson started regularly drinking alcohol when he was aged 10 and became a heroin user at 14. In his early 20s he spent four years in prison.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/11/30/archives/the-seberg-tragedy-jean-seberg.html |title=The Seberg Tragedy |last=Gussow |first=Mel |author-link=Mel Gussow |date=November 30, 1980 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 23, 2011 }}

Donaldson's violent temper led to his committal to a mental asylum, after two attempted murders. He later underwent a conversion to the teachings of the Nation of Islam and renamed himself Hakim Jamal. He became a spokesman for the movement and contributed articles to various newspapers promoting Black Power. After Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam, Jamal supported his decision and was outspoken in his criticism of Elijah Muhammad.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Founding US Organization

After Malcolm X's death, Jamal joined with Maulana Karenga and others to found "US", an organization to promote African-American cultural unity. He had already circulated a self-produced magazine entitled "US", a pun on the phrase "us and them" and the accepted abbreviation of "United States". This promoted the idea of black cultural unity as a distinct national identity.{{cite book |first=Scott |last=Brown |title=Fighting for US: Maulana Karenga, the US organization, and Black cultural nationalism |publisher=NYU Press |year=2003 |page=38 |isbn=0-8147-9877-2 }} Jamal and Karenga published a magazine Message to the Grassroot in 1966, in which Karenga was listed as chairman and Jamal as founder of the new group. Jamal argued that the ideas of Malcolm X should be the main ideological model for the group.

However, Jamal's views increasingly differed from Karenga's. Jamal continued to emphasise his cousin's radical politics, while Karenga wished to root black Americans in African culture. Jamal saw no point in projects such as teaching Swahili and promoting traditional African rituals. He left "US" to establish the Malcolm X Foundation, based in Compton, California.

Relationships

Though married to fellow activist Dorothy Jamal, Jamal had several significant affairs. He had a brief relationship with actress Jean Seberg. His wife phoned Seberg's father to try to bring an end to the affair.Janet Maslin, [https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/12/books/star-and-victim.html?pagewanted=all "Star and Victim"], The New York Times, July 12, 1981.

Jamal moved to London during the late 1960s, where he met Gale Benson, daughter of the British MP Leonard Plugge.

The writer V. S. Naipaul described Benson as Jamal's "white-woman slave."{{cite book |last=Naipaul |first=V. S. |author-link=V. S. Naipaul |title=The Writer and the World |year=2002 |publisher=Pan |chapter=Michael X and the Black Power Killings in Trinidad: Peace and Power |page=179 }} Jamal and Benson traveled in America seeking funds for a project to create a Montessori school for black children. Following an unsuccessful attempt to establish a commune in Guyana with the young German radical Herbert Girardet, the couple later joined West Indian Black Power leader Michael X at his commune in Trinidad, where Jamal wrote articles in support of Michael's activities.{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YBEQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4566,3875225&dq=hakim+jamal+murder&hl=en |title=Two Will Hang for Burial Murder |date=July 18, 1973 |work=The Age |access-date=July 22, 2011 }}George Hassett (19 February 2020), [https://binjonline.com/2020/02/19/the-life-and-death-of-hakim-jamal/ 'The Life and Death of Hakim Jamal'], Boston Institute for Non-Profit Journalism. Retrieved 5 September 2022.

= Gale Benson murder=

Benson traveled once again to America to raise funds for the school but was unsuccessful. Shortly after her return to Trinidad in 1972, she was murdered by Michael X and his associates. Jamal was not a suspect, but it was alleged that Michael X had ordered her death because she was causing "mental strain" to Jamal.

In 1971, Jamal wrote his autobiography, From the Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me. It was published in the UK by André Deutsch, and at this time, Jamal became involved in a relationship with his London editor, Diana Athill. She later wrote about their romance in her memoir Make Believe, recording his increasing mental instability and alleging that he made repeated assertions that he was God.{{cite book |last=Athill |first=Diana |author-link=Diana Athill |title=Make Believe: A True Story |year=2004 |orig-year=1993 |publisher=Granta |location=London |isbn=978-1-86207-708-9 |pages=71, 88, 115 }}

Jamal eventually returned to his wife and moved back to Boston, where he revived his role as director of the Malcolm X Foundation.{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2kpAAAAAIBAJ&dq=hakim%20jamal%20murder&pg=927%2C2302127 |title=Muslim feud seen behind Boston death |date=May 8, 1973 |work=The Washington Afro-American |access-date=July 22, 2011 }}

Death

On May 1, 1973, Jamal was killed when four men burst into his apartment in Boston and shot him repeatedly. Police attributed the crime to a factional dispute, linked to Jamal's attacks on Elijah Muhammad.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/03/archives/black-leader-slain-by-boston-gunmen-muslimfeudhinted.html |title=Black Leader Slain by Boston Gunmen; Muslim Feud Hinted |date=May 3, 1973 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 23, 2011 }} Witnesses blamed a group known as De Mau Mau for the murder.{{cite web |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996834562.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+03%2C+1973&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&desc=Jamal%27s+friends+blame+murder+on+black+racist+De+Mau+Mau&pqatl=google |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201044537/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996834562.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+03,+1973&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&desc=Jamal's+friends+blame+murder+on+black+racist+De+Mau+Mau&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 1, 2013 |title=Jamal's friends blame murder on black racist De Mau Mau |date=May 3, 1973 |work=The Boston Globe }} Antar Jamal, Jamal's son, argued that De Mau Mau wasn't involved, and claimed that the arrested members were instead victims. Jamal's wife, Dorothy Donaldson Jamal, and his former wife Dessaline El Shabbaz also proclaimed that the De Mau Mau members were innocent.{{cite web | title=Jamal's wife testifies for De Man Mau | website=ProQuest | date=17 May 1973 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/371352069 | access-date=11 February 2025}} Five members of the group were convicted of involvement in the murder.{{cite news |title=Dukakis Seeks Release of 3 in '73 Murder |last=Vennochi |first=Joan |date=January 1, 1987 |work=The Boston Globe |id = {{ProQuest|294424240}}}}

In popular culture

Jamal is a character in the 2008 film The Bank Job, in which he is played by Colin Salmon.

In the Jean Seberg biopic Seberg from 2019, he is played by Anthony Mackie.

References

External links

[https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1225391/hakim-jamal-centre-portobello-road-photograph-charlie-phillips/ "Hakim Jamal (centre), Portobello Road"], 1971 photograph by Charlie Phillips. V&A collection.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20181128034946/http://fbidocs.com/hakim-jamal FBI Docs] Hakim Jamal FBI file as well as inventory of other FBI files on Jamal held by the National Archives II

Category:1931 births

Category:1973 deaths

Category:African-American activists

Category:Activists for African-American civil rights

Category:Activists from Massachusetts

Category:African-American Muslims

Category:African-American memoirists

Category:American memoirists

Category:American autobiographers

Category:Assassinated American civil rights activists

Category:Converts to Islam

Category:Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts