Halcones (paramilitary group)

{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=es|otherarticle=Halcones (grupo paramilitar)|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox militant organization

| name = Halcones

| leader = Manuel Díaz Escobar

| active = {{start date|1966}}–{{end date|1970}}

| ideology = Anti-communism
Anti-socialism
Conservatism

| position = Far-right

| attacks = El Halconazo

| status = Dissolved

}}

File:Matanza del Jueves de Corpus.tif

The Halcones (Spanish: Falcons) were a Mexican paramilitary group created during the tail end of the 1960s and led by Colonel Manuel Díaz Escobar, the deputy director of the General Services of the Federal District Department. The group was responsible for the El Halconazo massacre on 10 June 1971, in which nearly 120 people were killed during a student demonstration in Mexico City.{{Cite news|last=Castillo García|first=Gustavo|date=9 June 2008|title=El halconazo, historia de represión, cinismo y mentiras se mantiene impune|page=|agency=La Jornada|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/06/09/index.php?article=018n1pol§ion=politica|access-date=10 June 2010}}

Background

The Halcones was organized in September 1968 by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), the then dominant Mexican political party.{{Cite book|last=Üngör|first=Uğur Ümit|title=Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-19-255898-5|location=Oxford|pages=177|language=en}} It was considered a semi-official group, directly operating under government authority.{{Cite book|last=Green|first=W. John|title=A History of Political Murder in Latin America: Killing the Messengers of Change|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4384-5665-2|location=New York|pages=70|language=en}} It was composed of youths, who formed combat squads trained for the violent suppression of student protesters. They were trained in martial arts at the government's Escuela de Policia (Police Academy).{{Cite book|last=Carey|first=Elaine|title=Plaza of Sacrifices: Gender, Power, and Terror in 1968 Mexico|date=2005|publisher=UNM Press|year=2005|isbn=0-8263-3544-6|location=Albuquerque|pages=165|language=en}} Around 1,500 cadets received this training and received stipends.

The inception of Halcones was part of the overall aim of PRI to counter and repress socialism and communism.

Halconazo

On 10 June 1971, youth movements were in full swing as a reaction to a conflict in the University of Nuevo León.{{Cite book|last=Atilano|first=Tania Ixchel|title=International Criminal Law in Mexico: National Legislation, State Practice and Effective Implementation|publisher=Springer Nature|year=2021|isbn=978-94-6265-454-9|location=Berlin|pages=157|language=en}} Ten thousand students marched in Mexico City. The Halcones, which allegedly operated under the direction of Federal District officials, attacked the students with bamboo sticks, chains, and clubs, later attacking the students with M1 rifles, chasing them down through neighbouring houses, the Teachers' School (Normal de Maestros), nearby churches and even the Rubén Leñero Hospital, resulting to the injury and the death of at least 35. A similar operation transpired on 4 November 1970, when members of the Halcones attacked students celebrating the victory of the Chilean socialist President Salvador Allende. Echeverría denied that Halcones was sanctioned by the government, maintaining that it was a natural outgrowth of the opposition to the left. However, the considerable number of journalists and photographers attacked on 10 June by the Halcones forced Echeverría to admit their existence; as a result, the regent of Mexico City, Alfonso Martínez Domínguez, resigned.{{cn|date=August 2024}}