Halcyon-class minesweeper
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image |Ship image=File:HMS Britomart.jpg |Ship caption={{HMS|Britomart|J22|6}} secured to a buoy in Plymouth Sound }} {{Infobox ship class overview |Builders= |Operators={{navy|United Kingdom}} |Class before= Racecourse class |Class after= Bangor class |Subclasses= reciprocating / turbine-engined |Built range= |In commission range= |Total ships building= |Total ships planned=22 |Total ships completed=21 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost=9 (+1 constructive total loss) |Total ships retired=12 |Total ships preserved= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption=(reciprocating) |Ship type=fleet minesweeper |Class name=Halcyon |Ship displacement=*815 tons (828 tonnes) standard
|Ship length={{convert|245|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}} o/aii |Ship beam={{convert|33|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} |Ship draught={{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}}[http://www.halcyon-class.co.uk/Specifications/specifications.htm Specifications Halcyon Minesweepers] |Ship propulsion=2 × Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers, vertical compound reciprocating steam engines on 2 shafts, 1,770 ihp |Ship speed=16.5 to {{convert|17|kn|km/h|0|abbr=on}} |Ship range={{convert|7200|nmi|km |
| 1|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h|0}}
|Ship complement=80 |Ship sensors= |Ship EW= |Ship armament=*2 × QF 4 inch Mk.V (L/45 102 mm) guns
|Ship armour= |Ship aircraft= |Ship aircraft facilities= |Ship notes= }}{{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption=(Niger, Salamander) |Ship displacement= {{cvt|1330|LT}} |Ship length={{convert|245|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}} |Ship propulsion=Vertical triple-expansion, 2,000 ihp |Ship speed = {{convert|17|kn|km/h|0}} |Ship armament=*2 × QF 4 inch Mk.V (L/45 102 mm) guns, single mounts HA Mk.III
|Ship notes= Other characteristics as per reciprocating ships }}{{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption=(turbine) |Ship displacement=* {{cvt|815|–|835|LT}} /
|Ship propulsion= 2 × Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers, Parsons steam turbines, {{convert|1750|shp|kW|0|abbr=on}} on 2 shafts |Ship speed = {{convert|16.5|kn|km/h|0}} |Ship notes= Other characteristics as per Niger/Salamander }} |
The Halcyon class was a class of 21 oil-fuelled minesweepers (officially, "fleet minesweeping sloops") built for the British Royal Navy between 1933 and 1939. They were given traditional small ship names used historically by the Royal Navy and served during the Second World War.
Design
There were 21 ships in the Halcyon class, built in two groups; the first using reciprocating steam engines, with steam turbines in the latter. They were generally smaller versions of the {{sclass|Grimsby|sloop|0}} escort sloops. Niger and [http://www.halcyon-class.co.uk/salamander/hms_salamander.htm#salamanderhome Salamander] of the reciprocating group used vertical triple expansion engines, instead of the vertical compound engines of their sisters. As a result of the increased power they had a half knot speed advantage, even though they used slightly shorter hulls. The turbine ships used the same shorter hulls as Niger and Salamander, but with lower power, speed dropped back to {{cvt|16.5|kn|0}}. Gleaner, Franklin, Jason and Scott were completed as unarmed survey vessels, Sharpshooter and Seagull being converted to follow suit. They were re-armed and deployed in their original role on the outbreak of war. Seagull had the first all-welded hull built for the Royal Navy.{{sfn|Lenton|1998|p=252}}
Service history
Halcyons served in Home waters, at Dunkirk, on Arctic convoys and in the Mediterranean Sea. On 3 February 1940, {{HMS|Sphinx|J69|2}} (Cdr. J. R. N. Taylor, RN) was sweeping an area {{cvt|15|nmi|0}} north of Kinnaird Head when it was attacked by German aircraft. A bomb pierced the forecastle deck and exploded, destroying the fore part of the ship and killing the commanding officer and forty of his men. Sphinx remained afloat and was towed by {{HMS|Halcyon|J42|6}} but having taken in too much water, capsized and sank. The wreck washed ashore north of Lybster and was sold for scrap.
{{HMS|Skipjack|J69|2}} (Lt.Cdr. F. B. Proudfoot, RN) was attacked and sunk by a force of German dive bombers off De Panne, Belgium on 1 June 1940. On board Skipjack were between 250 and 300 soldiers rescued from the Dunkirk beaches during Operation Dynamo. A witness, William Stone, said of Skipjack, "She just disappeared".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7084764.stm BBC NEWS | UK | Surviving WWI: Veterans' stories]
Halcyons were pressed into service as anti-submarine escorts, performing this task with decreasing frequency as ships specialist anti-submarine vessels, such as {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}}s, came off the slips. Halcyons accompanied most of the Arctic convoys, serving as minesweepers and anti-submarine escorts. Several spent a long time based at Soviet naval bases in Northern Russia, such as Murmansk. Four Halcyons were lost during this period,
- {{HMS|Gossamer|J63|2}} (Lt.Cdr. T. C. Crease), having escorted the first Arctic convoy, attacked a German U-boat while escorting Convoy PQ 11, and helped rescue the crew of the cruiser {{HMS|Edinburgh|C16|2}}. On 26 June 1942, in Kola Inlet, Gossamer was dive-bombed and sunk.
- On 5 July 1942, off the coast of Iceland, part of Convoy QP 13 wandered into a British minefield. {{HMS|Niger|J73|2}} (Cdr. A. J. Cubison, DSC and Bar), which was escorting the convoy, was lost.
- On 29 September 1942, in the Greenland Sea, {{HMS|Leda|J93|2}} was torpedoed and sunk while escorting Convoy QP 14.
- On 31 December 1942, during the Battle of the Barents Sea, {{HMS|Bramble|J11|2}} was attacked by the German heavy cruiser {{ship|German cruiser|Admiral Hipper||2}} while escorting Convoy JW 51B. After sustaining serious damage, Bramble was destroyed by the German destroyer {{ship|German destroyer|Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt||2}}.
{{HMS|Hebe|J24|2}} and {{HMS|Speedy|J17|2}} served in the Mediterranean as part of the 14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla based in Malta. The minesweepers saw action during the Malta Convoys, Operation Torch and Operation Corkscrew. Hebe was lost to a mine off Bari, Italy on 22 November 1943.
=Friendly fire losses=
As the Allied armies advanced following the invasion of Normandy, {{HMS|Britomart|J22|2}}, {{HMS|Hussar|J82|2}}, {{HMS|Jason|J99|2}} and Salamander were assigned to the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla (1MF) clearing Axis minefields, north of Normandy, to open ports to supply the advance. On the afternoon of 27 August 1944, they were sweeping off Cap d'Antifer in preparation for the battleship {{HMS|Warspite|03|2}} and the monitors {{HMS|Erebus|I02|2}} and {{HMS|Roberts|F40|2}} to engage Le Havre coastal artillery delaying the advance of Canadian troops.{{cite web|url=http://www.halcyon-class.co.uk/FriendlyFire/friendly_fire.htm|title=SINKING OF HMS BRITOMART AND HMS HUSSAR BY FRIENDLY FIRE |publisher=Halcyon Class|access-date=27 January 2014}}
The headquarters officer assigning the minesweeping project to 1MF neglected to inform the Flag Officer British Assault Area (Rear‑Admiral James Rivett‑Carnac), who was responsible for defending the invasion beaches from E-boats operating from Le Havre. 1MF was observed on a south-westerly leg of the minesweeping operation and assumed to be German ships proceeding to attack Allied shipping off the invasion beaches. The Admiral's staff requested 263 Squadron and 266 Squadron to attack the ships. The squadrons attacked with 16 Typhoons armed with 20 mm cannon and High Explosive "60 lb" RP-3 unguided rockets. The pilots identified 1MF as probably friendly shipping but upon questioning their orders were told the Royal Navy had no ships in the area.
In a well-executed attack out of the sun at 13:30, the Typhoons sank Britomart (Lt. Cdr. Nash, MBE, RNR) and Hussar (Lt.Cdr. A. J. Galvin, DSC, RNR) and Salamander was damaged so far beyond economical repair she was written off. Eighty-six British sailors were killed and 124 more were injured. 1MF identified the Typhoons as friendly and poor visibility into the sun prevented early recognition of the impending "friendly fire". Jason established radio contact to terminate the attack.
Ships in class
= Reciprocating group =
- Ordered 1932
- {{HMS|Halcyon|J42|6}}, built by John Brown & Company, Clydebank, sold for scrapping 1950
- {{HMS|Skipjack|J38|6}}, built by John Brown, bombed and sunk off Dunkirk on 1 June 1940
- Ordered 1933
- {{HMS|Harrier|J71|6}}, built by John I. Thornycroft & Company, Woolston, sold for scrapping 1950
- {{HMS|Hussar|J82|6}}, built by Thornycroft, sunk in error by RAF aircraft off Cap d'Antifer on 27 August 1944
- Ordered 1934
- {{HMS|Speedwell|J87|6}}, built by William Hamilton and Company, Port Glasgow, sold out of service 1946, wrecked and scrapped 1954
- Ordered 1935
- {{HMS|Niger|J73|6}}, built by J. Samuel White & Company, Cowes, mined off Iceland on 4 June 1942
- {{HMS|Salamander|J86|6}}, built by White, damaged in RAF rocket attack off Cap d'Antifer on 27 August 1944 and written off as constructive total loss, sold for scrapping 1946
= Turbine group =
- Ordered 1936
- {{HMS|Franklin|J84|6}}, built by Ailsa Shipbuilding Company, Troon, sold for scrapping 1956
- {{HMS|Gleaner|J83|6}}, built by William Gray & Company, Hartlepool, sold for scrapping 1950
- {{HMS|Gossamer|J63|6}}, built by William Hamilton and Company, bombed and sunk in Kola Inlet on 24 June 1942
- {{HMS|Hazard|J02|6}}, built by William Gray, sold for scrapping 1949
- {{HMS|Hebe|J24|6}}, built by HM Dockyard, Devonport, mined and sunk off Bari, 22 November 1943
- {{HMS|Jason|J99|6}}, built by Ailsa, sold out of service 1946, sold for scrapping 1950
- {{HMS|Leda|J93|6}}, built by HM Dockyard Devonport, torpedoed and sunk by U-435 in Greenland Sea on 20 September 1942
- {{HMS|Seagull|85|6}}, built by HM Dockyard Devonport, sold for scrapping 1956
- {{HMS|Sharpshooter|J68|6}}, built by HM Dockyard Devonport, renamed Shackleton 1953 and converted to survey vessel, sold for scrapping 1965.{{sfn|Lenton|Colledge|1973|p=201}}
- Ordered 1937
- {{HMS|Bramble|J11|6}}, built by HM Dockyard Devonport, sunk by gunfire from German warships in Barents Sea, 31 December 1942
- {{HMS|Britomart|J22|6}}, built by HM Dockyard Devonport, sunk in error by RAF aircraft off Cap d'Antifer, 27 August 1944
- {{HMS|Scott|J79|6}}, built by Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Dundee, sold for scrapping 1965
- {{HMS|Speedy|J17|6}}, built by William Hamilton and Company, sold out of service 1946, sold for scrapping 1957
- {{HMS|Sphinx|J69|6}}, built by William Hamilton and Company, bombed by German aircraft off Kinnaird Head on 3 February 1940, later sank under tow and wreck washed ashore off Lybster, salvaged and scrapped 1950
Footnotes
{{reflist}}
References
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite book |last=Lenton |first=H. T. |title=British and Empire Warships of the Second World War |year=1998 |publisher=Greenhill Books |location=London |isbn=1-85367-277-7}}
- {{cite book |last1=Lenton |first1=H. T. |last2=Colledge |first2=J. J. |title=Warships of World War II |year=1973 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=London |edition=2nd rev. |isbn=0-7110-0202-9}}
{{refend}}
External links
{{Commons category|Halcyon class minesweeper}}
- [http://www.halcyon-class.co.uk/ Halcyon class website]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/02/a3319102.shtml HMS Bramble "BBC People's War"]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/65/a7736565.shtml HMS Hussar "BBC People's War"]
{{Halcyon class minesweeper}}
{{WWII British ships}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Halcyon Class Minesweeper}}
Category:Mine warfare vessel classes