Half-breed

File:Lake Pepin Half-Breed.png

In the 19th century, the United States government set aside lands in the western states for people of American Indian and European or European American ancestry known as the Half-Breed Tract. The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation was established by the Treaty of Prairie du Chien of 1830.{{cite book|author=David J. Wishart|title=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtRFyFO4hpEC|year=2004|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-4787-7|page=573}} In Article 4 of the 1823 Treaty of Fond du Lac, land was granted to the "half-breeds" of Chippewa descent on the islands and shore of St. Mary's River near Sault Ste. Marie.{{cite book|author=Richard Peters|title=The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America from the Organization of the Government in 1780, to March 3, 1845: Arranged in Chronological Order. With References to the Matter of Each Act and to the Subsequent Acts on the Same Subject, and Copious Notes of the Decisions of the Courts of the United States Construing Those Acts, and Upon the Subjects of the Laws ..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CG0DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA291|year=1848|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|page=291}}

Unusually for its time, under the 1850 Donation Land Claim Act, "half-breed Indians" were eligible for land grants in the Oregon Territory, as were married white women.

During the Pemmican War trials that began in 1818 in Montreal regarding the destruction of the Selkirk Settlement on the Red River the terms Half-Breeds, Bois-Brulés, Brulés, and Métifs were defined as "Persons descended from Indian women by white men, and in these trials applied chiefly to those employed by the North-West Company".{{cite web|last=Amos|first=Andrew|title=Report of trials in the courts of Canada, relative to the destruction of the Earl of Selkirk's settlement on the Red River With observations|work=Saskatoon Gen Web|publisher=John Murray|date=1820|url=http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/113/30.html|access-date =2015-02-08}}

The Canadian government used the term half-breed in the late 19th and early 20th century for people who were of mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry.{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada-Métis Scrip Records (Use of term Half Breed)|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/metis-scrip/005005-4000-e.html|access-date=2015-01-23}} The North-West Half-Breed Commission established by the Canadian government after the North-West Rebellion also used the term to refer to the Métis residents of the North-West Territories. In 1885, children born in the North-West of Métis parents or "pure Indian and white parents" were defined as half-breeds by the commission and were eligible for "Half-breed" Scrip.{{cite web|title=Library and Archives Canada-Métis Scrip Records (Commissions-North-West Half-Breed Commissions)|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/metis-scrip/005005-3200-e.html|access-date=2015-01-23}}{{cite web|title=Northwest "Half-breed" Scrip|publisher=Métis National Council Historical Database|url=http://metisnationdatabase.ualberta.ca/MNC/scrip1.jsp|access-date=2015-01-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203185449/http://metisnationdatabase.ualberta.ca/MNC/scrip1.jsp|archive-date=2014-12-03}}{{cite web|title=Our Legacy-Canada. Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources (Grants to half-breeds of the Province of Manitoba and the North West Territories in respect of the extinguishment of the Indian Title, 1870-1925.) pp. 1 to 16|publisher=University of Saskatchewan|url=http://scaa.sk.ca/ourlegacy/permalink/28627|access-date=2015-01-23}}

In Alberta the Métis formed the "Halfbreed Association of Northern Alberta" in 1932.{{cite web|title=Councillors of the Halfbreed Association of Northern Alberta 1932|url=http://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/14222.Councillors%20of%20the%20Halfbreed%20Association%20of%20Northern%20Alberta%201932.pdf|access-date=2015-05-21}}

• Halfbreed Lake National Wildlife Refuge and Halfbreed Lake in Montana

• "Half-Breed" is a country and western song recorded by Marvin Rainwater in 1959, which reached #16 on the US Country Chart.
• "Half-Breed" is a song recorded by Cher and released as a single in 1973. On October 6, 1973, it became Cher's second US number one hit as a solo artist, and it was her second solo single to hit the top spot in Canada on the same date.[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.4912&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=ccntousk30frf6h4jsn237nm12 "Top Singles"], RPM, Volume 20, No. 8, October 06 1973, Library & Archives Canada
• Halfbreed is a memoir written by author Maria Campbell published in 1973. The book details her experience growing up as a Métis woman in Canada.

• Hudson, Charles. Red, White, and Black: Symposium on Indians in the Old South, Southern Anthropological Society, 1971. {{ISBN|9780820303086}}.
• Perdue, Theda. Mixed Blood Indians, The University of Georgia Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8203-2731-X}}.

• Anglo-Metis
• Métis people (Canada)
• Métis people (United States)
• Mixed blood
• Half-caste
• Quadroon

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.texasescapes.com/MurrayMontgomeryLoneStarDiary/The-Half-breed-Savage-Quanah-Parker.htm Murray Parker: "The Half-breed Savage/ Quanah Parker"], Texas Escapes
• [http://www.audioenglish.net/dictionary/half-breed.htm "Half-breed"], Dictionary

{{Ethnic slurs}}

Category:Ethnic and religious slurs

Category:Multiracial affairs in the Americas

Category:English words