Halorubrum

A population of the haloarchaea Halorubrum in its natural high salt concentration environment exchanged genetic information frequently by recombination.{{cite journal |vauthors=Papke RT, Koenig JE, Rodríguez-Valera F, Doolittle WF |title=Frequent recombination in a saltern population of Halorubrum |journal=Science |volume=306 |issue=5703 |pages=1928–9 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15591201 |doi=10.1126/science.1103289 |bibcode=2004Sci...306.1928P |s2cid=21595153 }} This population exhibited a degree of linkage equilibrium approaching that of a sexual population.

Halorubrum ejinorense was first isolated from Lake Ejinor in Inner Mongolia, China.{{cite journal |vauthors= Castillo AM, Gutiérrez MC, Kamekura M, Xue Y, Ma Y, Cowan DA, Jones BE, Grant WD, Ventosa A |year= 2007 |title= Halorubrum Ejinorense Sp. Nov., Isolated From Lake Ejinor, Inner Mongolia, China |journal= International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=57 |issue= 11 |pages= 2538–2542 |doi= 10.1099/ijs.0.65241-0 |pmid= 17978215|doi-access= free }}

Halorubrum lacusprofundi was first isolated in the 1980s from Deep Lake, Antarctica.{{cite journal |vauthors= Franzmann PD, Stacklebrandt E, Sanderson K, Volkman JK, Camberon DE, Stevenson PL, McMeekin TA, Burton HR |year= 1988 |title= Halobacterium lacusprofundii sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from Deep Lake, Antarctica |journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology |volume= 11 |issue= 1 |pages=20–27 |doi= 10.1016/S0723-2020(88)80044-4}} Its genome, sequenced in 2008, consists of two chromosomes (one 2.74 Mb and the other 0.53 Mb) and one plasmid (0.43 Mb).{{cite journal |vauthors= Anderson IJ, DasSarma P, Lucas S, Copeland A, Lapidus A, Del Rio T, Tice H, Dalin E, Bruce DC, Goodwin L, Pitluck S, Sims D, Brettin TS, Detter JC, Han CS, Larimer F, Hauser L, Land M, Ivanova N, Richardson P, Cavicchioli R, DasSarma S, Woese CR, Kyrpides |year= 2008 |title= Complete genome sequence of the Antarctic Halorubrum lacusprofundi type strain ACAM 34 |journal= Standards in Genomic Sciences |volume= 11 |issue= 1 |pages= 70 |doi= 10.1186/s40793-016-0194-2 |pmc= 5018182 |pmid= 27617060 |doi-access= free }} Its β-galactosidase enzyme has been extensively studied to understand how proteins function in low-temperature, high-saline environments.{{cite journal |vauthors= Karan R, Capes MD, DasSarma P, DasSarma S |year= 2013 |title= Cloning, Overexpression, Purification, and Characterization of a Polyextremophilic β-galactosidase From the Antarctic Haloarchaeon Halorubrum lacusprofundi |journal= BMC Biotechnol. |volume= 13 |pages=10.1186/1472-6750-13-3 |doi= 10.1186/1472-6750-13-3 |pmc= 3556326 |pmid= 23320757 |doi-access= free }}{{cite journal |vauthors= Laye VJ, Karan R, Kim JM, Pecher WT, DasSarma P, DasSarma S |year= 2017 |title= Key amino acid residues conferring enhanced enzyme activity at cold temperatures in an Antarctic polyextremophilic β-galactosidase |journal= PNAS |volume= 114 |issue= 47 |pages= 12530–35 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.1711542114 |pmc= 5703305 |pmid= 29109294 |bibcode= 2017PNAS..11412530L |doi-access= free }}

One strain of H. lacusprofundi contains a plasmid for horizontal gene transfer, which takes place via a mechanism that uses vesicle-enclosed virus-like particles.{{cite journal |vauthors=Erdmann S, Tschitschko B, Zhong L, Raftery MJ, Cavicchioli R |title=A plasmid from an Antarctic haloarchaeon uses specialized membrane vesicles to disseminate and infect plasmid-free cells|journal=Nature Microbiology|date=9 September 2017|volume=2|issue=10|pages=1446–1455|doi=10.1038/s41564-017-0009-2|pmid=28827601|s2cid=38729395|hdl=1959.4/unsworks_49908|hdl-access=free}}

Halorubrum sodomense was first identified in the Dead Sea in 1980. It requires a higher concentration of Mg²⁺ ions for growth than related halophiles.{{cite journal |vauthors= Oren A |year= 1983 |title= Halobacterium sodomense sp. nov. a Dead Sea Halobacterium with an extremely high magnesium requirement |journal= International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |volume= 33 |issue= 2 |pages= 381–386|doi= 10.1099/00207713-33-2-381 |doi-access= free }} Its cell surface membrane contains Archaerhodopsin-3 (AR3), a photoreceptor protein which harvests the energy from sunlight to establish a proton motive force that is used for ATP synthesis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ihara K, Umemura T, Katagiri I, Kitajima-Ihara T, Sugiyama Y, Kimura Y, Mukohata Y | title = Evolution of the archaeal rhodopsins: evolution rate changes by gene duplication and functional differentiation | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 285 | issue = 1 | pages = 163–74 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 9878396 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2286 }}{{cite journal |vauthors= Bada Juarez JF, Judge PJ, Adam S, Axford D, Vinals J, Birch J, Kwan TO, Hoi KK, Yen HY, Vial A, Milhiet PE, Robinson CV, Schapiro I, Moraes I, Watts A |year= 2021 |title= Structures of the archaerhodopsin 3 transporter reveal that disordering of internal water networks underpins receptor sensitization |journal= Nature Communications |volume= 12 |issue= 1 |pages= 629 |doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-20596-0 |pmc= 7840839 |pmid= 33504778 |bibcode= 2021NatCo..12..629B }} Mutants of AR3 are widely used as tools in optogenetics for neuroscience research.{{cite journal |vauthors= Flytzanis NC, Bedbrook CN, Chiu H, Engqvist MK, Xiao C, Chan KY, Sternberg PW, Arnold FH, Gradinaru V |year= 2014 |title= Archaerhodopsin variants with enhanced voltage-sensitive fluorescence in mammalian and Caenorhabditis elegans neurons |journal= Nature Communications |volume= 5 |pages= 4894 |doi= 10.1038/ncomms5894 |pmc=4166526 |pmid= 25222271 |bibcode= 2014NatCo...5.4894F }}

Halorubrum tibetense was first isolated from Lake Zabuye in Tibet, China.{{cite journal |vauthors= Fan H, Xue Y, Ma Y, Ventosa A, Grant WD |year= 2004 |title= Halorubrum tibetense sp. nov., a novel haloalkaliphilic archaeon from Lake Zabuye in Tibet, China |journal= International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=54 |issue= 4|pages=1213–1216 |doi= 10.1099/ijs.0.03032-0 |pmid= 15280294 |doi-access= free }}

Halorubrum xinjiangense was first isolated from Xiao-Er-Kule Lake in Xinjiang, China.{{cite journal |vauthors= Feng J, Zhou PJ, Liu SJ |year= 2004 |title= Halorubrum xinjiangense sp. nov., a novel halophile isolated from saline lakes in China |journal= International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=54 |issue= 5|pages= 1789–1791 |doi= 10.1099/ijs.0.63209-0 |pmid= 15388744|doi-access= free }}

;Proposed species

Several species and novel binomial names have been proposed, but not validly published.

published.

• Halorubrum africanae and Halorubrum constantinense were isolated in Algeria and proposed as new species in 2007{{citation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=435915 |title=NCBI Taxonomy browser (Halorubrum africanae) | access-date=2022-07-14}} and 2005.{{citation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=340066 |title=NCBI Taxonomy browser (Halorubrum constantinense) | access-date=2022-07-14}}
• Halorubrum alimentarium and Halorubrum koreense are the proposed names for the undescribed strains B43 and B6, appearing in a publication of 2008.{{cite journal |author=Nam Young-Do |author2=Chang Ho-Won |author3=Kim Kyoung-Ho |author4=Roh Seong Woon |author5=Kim Min-Soo |author6=Jung Mi-Ja |author7=Lee Si-Woo |author8=Kim Jong-Yeol |author9=Yoon Jung-Hoon |author10=Bae Jin-Woo |year= 2008 |title= Bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryal diversity in the intestines of Korean people |journal= Journal of Microbiology |volume=46 |issue= 5 |pages= 491–501 |doi= 10.1007/s12275-008-0199-7|pmid=18974948 |s2cid=24070213 }}
• Halorubrum halotolerans is the proposed name for an undescribed strain isolated from solar salterns in Baja California in 2009.{{cite journal |vauthors= Sabet S, Diallo L, Hays L, Jung W, Dillon JG |year= 2009 |title= Characterization of halophiles isolated from solar salterns in Baja California, Mexico |journal= Extremophiles |volume= 13 |issue= 4 |pages= 643–656 |doi= 10.1007/s00792-009-0247-1|pmid= 19418017 |s2cid= 1040194 }}
• Halorubrum hochstenium is the proposed name for the full genome of the undescribed strain ATCC 700873, supplied to databases in 2014.{{citation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1227481 |title=NCBI Taxonomy browser (Halorubrum hochstenium ATCC 700873) | access-date=2022-07-14}}Page: "Halorubrum hochstenium 1-13-28" in {{citation |url=https://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/m/main.cgi?section=TaxonDetail&page=taxonDetail&taxon_oid=2554235503 |title=Integrated Microbial Genomes&Microbioms | access-date=2022-07-14}}
• Halorubrum jeotgali was isolated from samples of traditional Korean seafood and proposed as new species in 2007.{{citation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=413814 |title=NCBI Taxonomy browser (Halorubrum cibarium) | access-date=2022-07-14}} Halorubrum cibarium was proposed in the same publication. It was proposed again under the name H. cibi and accepted in 2009.
• Halorubrum kribbense and Halorubrum norisence' are proposed names of unisolated strains from the human gut microbiome, referenced in a publication in 2017.{{cite journal |last1=Nkamga |first1=Vanessa Demonfort |last2=Henrissat |first2=Bernard |last3=Drancourt |first3=Michel |year= 2017 |title= Archaea: Essential inhabitants of the human digestive microbiota |journal= Human Microbiome Journal |volume= 3 |pages= 1–8 |doi= 10.1016/j.humic.2016.11.005|doi-access=free }}
• Halorubrum salipaludis was first published in 2021.Page: "Species: Halorubrum salipaludis" in {{cite web | url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/halorubrum-salipaludis | title=LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature | publisher=Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen | access-date=2022-07-14}}
• "Halorubrum salsolis"
• Halorubrum salsamenti was isolated from salt brine and proposed as new species in 2017.{{citation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2583990 |title=NCBI Taxonomy browser (Halorubrum salsamenti) | access-date=2022-07-14}}
• Halorubrum sfaxense was isolated in Tunisia and proposed as new species in 2017.{{citation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=725131 |title=NCBI Taxonomy browser (Halorubrum sfaxense) | access-date=2022-07-14}}
• Halorubrum tropicale was isolated in Puerto Rico and proposed as new species in 2016.{{citation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1765655 |title=NCBI Taxonomy browser (Halorubrum tropicale) | access-date=2022-07-14}}

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN){{cite web|author=J.P. Euzéby |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/halorubrum |title=Halorubrum |access-date=2023-10-10 |publisher=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)}} and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).{{cite web |author = Sayers |display-authors=et al.| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=56688&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Halorubrum |access-date=2023-10-10 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal |vauthors=Oren A, Ventosa A | date = 2000 | title = International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae. Minutes of the meetings, 16 August 1999, Sydney, Australia | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 1405–1407 | pmid = 10843089 | doi=10.1099/00207713-50-3-1405| doi-access =free }}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=Oren A, Ventosa A | date = 1996 | title = A proposal for the transfer of Halorubrobacterium distributum and Halorubrobacterium coriense to the genus Halorubrum as Halorubrum distributum comb. nov. and Halorubrum coriense comb. nov., respectively | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 46 | pages = 1180 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-46-4-1180 | issue = 4 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=McGenity TJ, Grant WD | date = 1995 | title = Transfer of Halobacterium saccharovorum, Halobacterium sodomense, Halobacterium trapanicum NRC 34021 and Halobacterium lacusprofundi to the genus Halorubrum gen. nov., as Halorubrum saccharovorum comb. nov., Halorubrumsodomense comb. nov., Halorubrum trapanicum comb. nov., and Halorubrum lacusprofundi comb.nov | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 237–243 | doi=10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80394-2}}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=Kamekura M, Dyall-Smith ML | date = 1995 | title = Taxonomy of the family Halobacteriaceae and the description of two new genera Halorubrobacterium and Natrialba | journal = J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 41 | pages = 333–350 | doi = 10.2323/jgam.41.333 | issue = 4 | doi-access = free }}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=Papke T, Fullmer M, Soucy S, Swithers K, Makkay A, Wheeler R, Ventosa A, Gogarten P |title=Population and genomic analysis of the genus Halorubrum|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=11 April 2014|volume=5|issue=Article No.: 140|pages=140|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00140|pmid=24782836|pmc=3990103|doi-access=free}}

• {{cite book | last = Gibbons | first = NE | date = 1974 | chapter = Family V. Halobacteriaceae fam. nov. | title = Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology | edition = 8th | editor = RE Buchanan | editor2 = NE Gibbons | publisher = The Williams & Wilkins Co. | location = Baltimore | isbn = 0-683-01117-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/bergeysmanualofd00atio }}

• [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=Halorubrum&submit=Search Halorubrum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

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Category:Archaea genera

Category:Taxa described in 1996

Category:Halobacteria