Halvaria

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Halvarians

| image = {{Multiple image

| perrow = 2/2/2

| total_width = 275

| image1 = Water mold Mizukabi colony.jpg

| caption1 =

| image2 = Bladder Wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) - geograph.org.uk - 224125.jpg

| caption2 =

| image3 = Parasite140015-fig2 Protoopalina pingi (Opalinidae) Microscopy.tif

| caption3 =

| image4 = Diatoms through the microscope.jpg

| caption4 =

| image5 = Stentory.jpg

| caption5 =

| image6 = Dinoflagellates.jpg

| caption6 =

| border = infobox

}}

| image_caption = Important halvarian groups. Clockwise from top-left: a water mold (Oomycetes), a brown alga (Phaeophyta), some diatoms (Bacillariophyta), some dinoflagellates (Miozoa), some ciliates (Ciliophora) and an opalinid (Bigyra).

| taxon = Halvaria

| authority = Cavalier-Smith 2010

| subdivision_ranks = Unranked clades

| subdivision_ref =

| subdivision = * Stramenopiles (Heterokonta)

Alveolata

| synonyms = *halvaria

}}

Halvaria is a taxonomic grouping of protists that includes Alveolata and Stramenopiles (Heterokonta).

Analyses in 2007 and 2008 revealed that the Stramenopiles and the Alveolata are related, and form a reduced clade of what were seen to be a paraphyletic group, the chromalveolates. The two clades together with the Rhizaria (originally one of the six major eukaryote groups) form a clade dubbed the SAR supergroup.

A phylogenomic analysis from 2016 cast doubt on Halvaria, suggesting that Alveolata is the sister group to Rhizaria (making the R + A clade) through new rhizarian sequence data, and that support for Halvaria might be an artifact of low taxon sampling as well as long branch attraction.

However, later analyses from 2021 support Halvaria as a solid clade.

{{clade

|label1=SAR

|1={{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%

|1=Rhizaria 50px

|label2=Halvaria

|2={{clade

|1=Stramenopiles 50px

|2=Alveolata 90px

}}

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite journal | author = Cavalier-Smith, Thomas | title = Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 342–345 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20031978 | pmc = 2880060 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948 }}

{{cite journal | author1 = Burki, F. | author2 = Shalchian-Tabrizi | author3 = K. Minge, M. | author4 = Skjaeveland, A. | author5 = Nikolaev, S.I. | author6 = Jakobsen, K.S. | author7 = Pawlowski, J. | display-authors=3 | title = Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = e790 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17726520 | pmc = 1949142 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0000790 | doi-access = free }} {{open access}}

{{cite journal | author1 = Burki, F. | author2 = Shalchian-Tabrizi | author3 = Pawlowski, J. | title = Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 366–369 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18522922 | pmc = 2610160 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224 }}

{{cite journal | author1 = Kim, E. | author2 = Graham, L.E. | title = EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e2621 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18612431 | pmc = 2440802 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0002621 | doi-access = free }} {{open access}}

{{cite journal | author1 = He, D. | author2 = Sierra, R. | author3 = Pawlowski, J. | author4 = Baldauf, S.L. | title = Reducing long-branch effects in multi-protein data uncovers a close relationship between Alveolata and Rhizaria | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 101 | pages = 1–7 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27132173 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.033 | doi-access = free }}

{{cite journal | author1 = Strassert, J.F. | author2 = Irisarri, I. | author3 = Williams, T.A. | author4 = Burki, F. | title = A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 1879 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33767194 | pmc = 7994803 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z }}

{{cite journal |last1=Cavalier-Smith |first1=Thomas |title=Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences |date=2017 |journal=Protoplasma |pages=297–35 7|volume=255 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3 |pmid=28875267 |pmc=5756292 |doi-access=free}}

}}

Category:Protist taxa