Hammer DeRoburt

DeRoburt was born in Nauru on 25 September 1922. He was the son of DeRoburt and Eidumunang; his maternal grandfather Daimon was the island's head chief from 1920 to 1930.{{Cite web|url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/deroburt-hammer-29936|title=DeRoburt, Hammer (1922–1992)|first=Nancy|last=Pollock|year=2020|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography}} He also had Banaban heritage, as his grandmother was from the island.Nancy Viviani (1970) Nauru: Phosphate and Political Progress Australian National University Press, p. 107 DeRoburt was a member of the Iruwa tribe.{{Cite journal |last=Cain|first=M. B.|date=25 November 1992|title=BIRTHS, DEATHS AND MARRIAGES|url=http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/e928293012a6b88919705116ec4856b5.pdf|journal=Republic of Nauru Government Gazette |issue=81|page=3}} He was raised in Boe District. After being educated on Nauru, he attended the Gordon Institute of Technology in Geelong, Australia. After returning to Nauru, he started working as a teacher.

Following the Japanese occupation of Nauru during World War II, DeRoburt was deported to Truk by the Japanese, along with most of the Nauruan population. When he returned to Nauru in 1946 he started working at the Department of Education. He decided to stand in the first elections to the Nauru Local Government Council in 1951, and although he gained enough support to be nominated as a candidate in the Boe constituency, he was disqualified due to irregularities in his nomination.Viviani, p108 Local residents and European residents protested without success, whilst a petition to the 1953 Visiting Mission from the United Nations was also overlooked.

In 1953, DeRoburt led the Nauru Workers' Organisation in a four-month strike which successfully secured an increase in wages and greater training opportunities from the Australian administration.{{sfn|Storr|2020|p=216}} In 1955 elections he stood again in the Boe constituency and was elected to the Council. In 1956, the Council elected him Head Chief of Nauru.

As head chief, DeRoburt used the provisions of the UN Charter to directly lobby the Trusteeship Council on various issues relating to the Australian administration, including the lack of secondary education on the island and administration assistance in developing industries.{{sfn|Storr|2020|p=216}} In 1957 he officially protested the British Phosphate Commission's continued exploitation of Nauru's phosphate reserves, the territory's primary industry, and particularly the commission's assertion that the interior areas being mined had been previously used by Nauruans.{{sfn|Storr|2020|p=217}}

In 1962, DeRoburt and his fellow NLGC members Raymond Gadabu and Joseph Detsimea Audoa attended a meeting of the Trusteeship Council and formally called for a transition to independence, stating that "the sovereignty of the Nauruan people lies in the Nauruan race and our government should be answerable to that power [...] we desire the Nauruan nation to be sovereign and free to govern itself".{{sfn|Storr|2020|p=226}}

In response, the Trusteeship Council developed a plan for Nauruans to be resettled in Australia and given self-government. The Australian government's Department of Territories offered that Nauruans be resettled on Queensland's Curtis Island and given full Australian citizenship. DeRoburt and the NLGC resolved to only accept this proposal if Nauruans were given full sovereignty over Curtis Island, which the Australian government rejected. They consequently "resolved to reject resettlement altogether, and push for sovereign independence on Nauru – including rehabilitation of the island's central plateau at the expense of the tripartite governments".{{sfn|Storr|2020|p=227}} This was subsequently accepted by the Trusteeship Council, which in 1965 resolved to support Nauruans' aspirations for independence.{{sfn|Storr|2020|p=228}}

DeRoburt subsequently became a key figure in the independence negotiations known as the Nauru Talks, which took place between 1965 and 1967. His lobbying of the Trusteeship Council and UN General Assembly was key in securing virtually all desired concessions from the Australian government, which was ambivalent towards independence.{{sfn|Storr|2020|p=204}} In June 1967, DeRoburt signed the Nauru Island Phosphate Industry Agreement on behalf of the NLGC, which provided for a transition to Nauruan ownership of phosphate reserves and removed one of the last stumbling blocks in the independence negotiations.{{sfn|Storr|2020|p=234}} The Nauru Independence Act 1967 gave Nauru independence with effect from 31 January 1968.{{sfn|Storr|2020|p=236}}

File:South_Pacific_Forum,_August_5,_1971,_Wellington_(19969820699).jpg, 5 August 1971, Wellington]]

On 31 January 1968, Nauru's Independence Day, DeRoburt was elected by the Legislative Assembly as one of the five members of the Council of State, an interim body tasked with exercising executive power pending the adoption of a final constitution.{{cite news|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-326941531/view?sectionId=nla.obj-335510509|title=These Men Will Run Nauru|magazine=Pacific Islands Monthly|date=1 February 1968|volume=39|number=2}} He was elected chairman of the Council of State, serving until 17 May 1968 when the legislature unanimously elected him as the country's inaugural president upon the adoption of the new constitution. Austin Bernicke and Buraro Detudamo received nominations but declined to stand for election.{{cite news|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-327094330/view?sectionId=nla.obj-335829853|title=Nauru Has A President|magazine=Pacific Islands Monthly|date=1 June 1968|volume=39|number=6}}

In addition to the presidency, DeRoburt assumed the cabinet portfolios of external affairs, internal affairs, and island development and industry. He was re-elected as president unopposed in January 1971 after the 1971 Nauruan parliamentary election.{{cite news|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-370340723/view?sectionId=nla.obj-372927814|title=DeRoburt back as President|magazine=Pacific Islands Monthly|date=1 February 1971|volume=42|number=2}} In his second term, DeRoburt faced opposition from a ginger group of young MPs, who felt he had mismanaged the economy, was governing without consultation, and had failed to renew his cabinet. His opponents formed the Nauru Party, the first formal political party on the island. In July 1976, parliament failed to pass financial legislation introduced by DeRoburt. He treated the defeat as a motion of no confidence and resigned as president, but renominated himself in the ensuing election and was re-elected unopposed.{{cite news|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-334870300/view?partId=nla.obj-334909660|title=No fun and games when party politics creep up on Nauru|magazine=Pacific Islands Monthly|date=1 February 1977|volume=48|number=2}}

On 22 December 1976, following the 1976 Nauruan parliamentary election, DeRoburt was unexpectedly defeated in his bid for re-election to the presidency, with 30-year-old Bernard Dowiyogo defeating him by nine votes to seven and appointing a Nauru Party cabinet.{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131802910|title=DeRoburt out of office|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=23 December 1976}} Dowiyogo had reportedly not expected to win the ballot and offered to resign in DeRoburt's favour if he agreed to make concessions on cabinet choices, but DeRoburt refused to do so. He subsequently pressured Dowiyogo to resign and moved a motion attempting to declare Dowiyogo's election as unconstitutional, on the grounds that the constitution had not allowed for party politics.

DeRoburt remained an influential figure in Nauruan politics following his ouster and with his supporters managed to force Dowiyogo to an early election in November 1977.{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/250329400|title=Nauru government survives crisis|newspaper=Papua New Guinea Post-Courier|date=19 January 1978}} Dowiyogo was re-elected as president, but remained in office only until April 1978 when he resigned following a defeat on a phosphate royalties bill. His successor Lagumot Harris was ousted only a month later on a vote on an appropriations bill, with DeRoburt returning as president.{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131853332|title=Nauru President out after Bill defeated|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=16 May 1978}}

DeRoburt's second term in office lasted until his resignation on 19 September 1986 and replacement by Kennan Adeang.{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131839582|title=Nauru head|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=20 September 1986}} Adeang's government collapsed only two weeks, with DeRoburt returning as president on 1 October 1986.{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118266644|title=DeRoburt back|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=2 October 1986}}

In his first years in office, DeRoburt's government established Air Nauru, the first national carrier, and Nauru Pacific Shipping Lines.{{cite news|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-332058283/view?sectionId=nla.obj-337594800|title=Nauru revisited: an island republic faces up to its problems|first=Michael|last=Batten|magazine=Pacific Islands Monthly|date=1 July 1971|volume=42|number=7}}

In his final term, DeRoburt's government filed a case against Australia in the International Court of Justice for not rehabilitating mined-out areas of the island. His last public appearance was in the ICJ hearing in November 1991.{{Cite web |last=Bain |first=Kenneth |date=1992-07-22 |title=Obituary: Hammer DeRoburt |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-hammer-deroburt-1534858.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Independent |language=en}}

DeRoburt married Lukale Rowena Harris in 1950, with whom he had one daughter. He was precedeased by his wife and died on 15 July 1992 while in Melbourne for medical treatment. He was accorded a state funeral, before being buried in Boe cemetery, Nauru.

He was given an honorary knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II in 1982.

DeRoburt is credited with popularising Australian rules football to Nauru, which became the national sport.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|first=Cait|last=Storr|year=2020|doi=10.1017/9781108682602|title=International Status in the Shadow of Empire: Nauru and the Histories of International Law|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108682602}}

{{commons category}}

{{S-start}}

{{S-new | reason=Independence of Nauru}}

{{S-ttl | title=President of Nauru | years=17 May 1968 – 22 December 1976}}

{{S-aft | after=Bernard Dowiyogo}}

{{S-bef | before=Lagumot Harris}}

{{S-ttl | title=President of Nauru | years=15 May 1978 – 17 September 1986}}

{{S-aft | after=Kennan Adeang}}

{{S-bef | before=Kennan Adeang}}

{{S-ttl | title=President of Nauru | years=1 October 1986 – December 1986}}

{{S-aft | after=Kennan Adeang}}

{{S-bef | before=Kennan Adeang}}

{{S-ttl | title=President of Nauru | years=December 1986–17 August 1989}}

{{S-aft | after=Kenos Aroi}}

{{s-end}}

{{NauruPres}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Deroburt, Hammer}}

Category:1922 births

Category:People from Boe District

Category:Nauruan educators

Category:People deported from Nauru

Category:Nauruan civil servants

Category:Head Chiefs of Nauru

Category:Members of the Nauru Local Government Council

Category:Members of the Parliament of Nauru

Category:Presidents of Nauru

Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire

Category:Iruwa people

Category:1992 deaths

Category:20th-century Nauruan politicians