Hanafuda

In Korea, {{Transliteration|ja|hanafuda}} are known as {{Transliteration|ko|hwatu}} ({{langx|ko-Hang|화투}}, Hanja: {{langx|ko-Hani|花鬪||flower battle|label=none}}) and made of plastic with a textured back side.{{Cite web|date=2016-06-17|title=[한국이 모르는 일본] [4] 화투의 탄생|url=https://news.zum.com/articles/31306026|access-date=2021-02-23|website=news.zum.com|language=ko|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809102325/https://news.zum.com/articles/31306026|url-status=live}} The most popular game is Go-stop ({{langx|ko|고스톱|link=no}}), commonly played during special holidays such as Lunar New Year and {{Transliteration|ko|Chuseok}} ({{langx|ko|추석|link=no}}).{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsR3BgAAQBAJ&dq=Go-Stop+popular+korea&pg=PA103 |title=Encyclopedia of Korean Seasonal Customs: Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture Vol. 1 |date=2014-10-30 |publisher=The National Folk Museum of Korea (South Korea) 길잡이미디어 |isbn=978-89-92128-92-6 |pages=103 |language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2013-09-17|title=⑧추석에 빠질 수 없는 '국민놀이' 화투의 비밀|url=http://www.ilyosisa.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=43140|access-date=2021-02-23|website=일요시사|language=ko|archive-date=January 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115182259/http://www.ilyosisa.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=43140|url-status=live}}

In Hawaii, {{Transliteration|ja|hanafuda}} is used to play Sakura.{{Cite web|date=2012-02-05|title=Hanafuda - Hawaii style|url=https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2012/02/05/features/hanafuda-hawaii-style/|access-date=2021-02-23|website=West Hawaii Today|language=en-US|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809102322/https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2012/02/05/features/hanafuda-hawaii-style/|url-status=live}} {{Transliteration|ja|Hanafuda}} is also played in Micronesia, where it is known as {{Transliteration|pau|hanahuda}} and is used to play a four-person game, which is often played in partnerships.{{cite web|last1=Iramk|first1=Charlene|title=Hanahuda|url=http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~johnbent/hanahuda/|access-date=17 September 2020|website=Hanahuda|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716100511/http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~johnbent/hanahuda/|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Karuta}}

Playing cards were introduced to Japan by the Portuguese in the mid-16th century. The Portuguese deck consisted of 48 cards, with four suits divided into 12 ranks. The first Japanese-made decks made during the Tenshō period (1573–1592) mimicked Portuguese decks and are referred to as Tenshō Karuta. The main game was a trick-taking game intermediate in evolution between Triunfo and Ombre.Depaulis, Thierry (2009). "Playing the Game: Iberian Triumphs Worldwide". The Playing-Card. Vol 38-2, p. 134-137. After Japan closed off all contact with the Western world in 1633, foreign playing cards were banned.Harris, Blake J., Console Wars: Sega, Nintendo, and the Battle that Defined a Generation, It Books, 2014-May-13. {{ISBN|978-0062276698}}. "Chapter 5"

Image:Hana Karuta by Tosa Mitsunari - 12.jpg

In 1648, {{Transliteration|ja|Tenshō Karuta}} were banned by the Tokugawa shogunate.{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Sylvia |last2=Wayland |first2=Virginia |title=The Dragons of Portugal |date=1973 |publisher=Sanford |location=Farnham |page=46}} During prohibition, gambling with cards remained highly popular which led to disguised card designs. Each time gambling with a card deck of a particular design became too popular, the government banned it, which then prompted the creation of a new design. This cat-and-mouse game between the government and rebellious gamblers resulted in the creation of increasingly abstract and minimalist regional patterns (地方札). These designs were initially called Yomi Karuta after the popular Poch-like game of Yomi which was known by the 1680s.Kuromiya Kimihiko. (2005). "Kakkuri: The Last Yomi Game of Japan". The Playing-Card, Vol 33-4. p. 232-235.

Through the Meiwa, An'ei, and Tenmei eras (roughly 1764–1789), a game called Mekuri took the place of Yomi. It became so popular that Yomi Karuta was renamed Mekuri Karuta. Mechanically, Mekuri is similar to Chinese fishing games.{{cite journal|last1=McLeod|first1=John|last2=Dummett|first2=Michael|title=Hachi-Hachi|journal=The Playing-Card|date=1975|volume=3|issue=4|pages=26–39}} Cards became so commonly used for gambling that they were banned in 1791, during the Kansei era. On the other hand, Uta-garuta such as Hyakunin Isshu were officially permitted as being educationally beneficial. So as a loophole to the ban, early hanafuda were made to have old poems on some of the cards, disguising them as Uta-garuta. Remnants of this can be seen via the tanzaku-ranked cards.

The earliest known reference to {{Transliteration|ja|hana awase}} (a previous version of {{Transliteration|ja|hanafuda}}) is from 1816 when it was recorded as a banned gambling tool. The earliest decks contained between 12, 20, and even 32 suits, each with one high value card, one tanzaku card, and two low-value cards.{{Cite web |title=江戸時代～昭和時代 伝統の花札一覧 - 日本かるた文化館 |url=https://japanplayingcardmuseum.com/edo-showa-dentou-hanafuda/ |access-date=2023-10-13 |language=ja}}

As {{Transliteration|ja|hana awase}} modernized into {{Transliteration|ja|hanafuda}}, it standardized at 12 months (suits) with four rank-like categories. The majority of {{Transliteration|ja|hanafuda}} games are descended from Mekuri although Yomi adaptations for the flower cards survived until the 20th century. Though they can still be used for gambling, its structure and design is less convenient than other decks such as Kabufuda. In the Meiji period, playing cards became tolerated by the authorities.

File:Nintendo 1889.jpg|296x296px]]

In 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi founded Nintendo for the purposes of producing and selling hand-crafted {{Transliteration|ja|hanafuda}}.{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/nintendo-japan-hanafuda-cards-beauty-gambling-tradition-1848724872|title=The Traditional Beauty Of Nintendo's Playing Cards|last=Ashcraft|first=Brian|date=March 30, 2022|website=Kotaku|accessdate=March 30, 2022}} Nintendo has focused on video games since the 1970s but continues to produce cards in Japan, including themed sets based on Mario, Pokémon, and Kirby.{{Cite web|date=2015-10-21|title=Nintendo To Release Mario-Themed Japanese Playing Cards|url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2015/10/this-november-nintendo-is-releasing-mario-hanafuda-cards-in-japan/|access-date=2021-02-23|website=Kotaku Australia|language=en-AU|archive-date=February 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208112254/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2015/10/this-november-nintendo-is-releasing-mario-hanafuda-cards-in-japan/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|title=Koi-koi! Nintendo's Pokemon hanafuda cards hitting Japan|url=https://www.destructoid.com/stories/koi-koi-nintendo-s-pokemon-hanafuda-cards-hitting-japan-264141.phtml|access-date=2021-02-23|website=Destructoid|date=October 24, 2013 |language=english}}{{Cite web|title=「星のカービィ」が花札に オリジナル役も収録|url=https://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1912/20/news043.html|access-date=2021-02-23|website=ねとらぼ|language=ja|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200543/https://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1912/20/news043.html|url-status=live}} The Koi-Koi game played with {{Transliteration|ja|hanafuda}} is included in Nintendo's own Clubhouse Games (2006) for the Nintendo DS, and Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics (2020) for the Nintendo Switch.{{Cite web|last1=Lane|first1=Gavin|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/05/nintendo_shares_a_handy_infographic_featuring_all_51_worldwide_classic_clubhouse_games|title=Nintendo Shares A Handy Infographic Featuring All 51 Worldwide Classic Clubhouse Games|website=Nintendo Life|date=May 25, 2020|access-date=2020-07-21|archive-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526085417/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/05/nintendo_shares_a_handy_infographic_featuring_all_51_worldwide_classic_clubhouse_games|url-status=live}}

Though modern Japanese hanafuda is primarily made today by either of the long-standing Oishi Tengudo (1800) or Nintendo (1889), dozens of others have manufactured hanafuda, such as Angel, Tamura Shogundo, Matsui Tengudo, Ace, Maruē, and many more.{{Cite web |date=1969 |title=Japanese Hanafuda Brands |url=https://games.porg.es/articles/cards/japan/hanafuda/traditional-manufacturers/ |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Ways To Play |language=en}}

Image:CaryJap2JackofSpades.jpg

Hanafuda were likely introduced to Korea during the late 1890s{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Kwang-ŏn.|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2271784&cid=51273&categoryId=51273|title=Tong Asia ŭi nori|date=2004|publisher=Minsogwŏn|isbn=89-5638-121-6|location=Seoul|access-date=17 September 2020}}{{cite journal|last1=Fairbairn|first1=John|date=1991|title=Modern Korean cards - a Japanese perspective|journal=The Playing-Card|volume=20|issue=2|pages=68–72}} and to Hawaii in the early 1900s. Since then, companies and individuals in Korea and Hawaii have produced their own hanafuda, sometimes adapting the original Japanese imagery to fit either culture. Also made for western audiences are decks which fuse hanafuda with Toranpu (トランプ, "Trumps" a.k.a. the standard 52-card deck). These decks have indices on all their cards, and introduce a 13th suit which varies considerably by manufacturer (jokers, flowers, objects from japanese imagery, left blank or used as a "snow" suit, left as western Kings, etc.).

There are 48 cards total, divided into twelve suits, representing months of the year. Each suit is designated by a flower and has four cards.{{Cite web|title=Hanafuda: Japanese "Flower Cards" Designed to Circumvent Ban on Western Decks|url=https://99percentinvisible.org/article/flower-cards-japanese-hanafuda-designed-to-circumvent-ban-on-western-decks/|access-date=2021-02-23|website=99% Invisible|date=November 2, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225081845/https://99percentinvisible.org/article/flower-cards-japanese-hanafuda-designed-to-circumvent-ban-on-western-decks/|url-status=live}} An extra blank card may be included to serve as a replacement. In Korean hwatu decks, several joker cards (조커패) award various bonuses.{{cite web|last1=Sloper|first1=Tom|title=Go-Stop|url=https://www.sloperama.com/gostop/cards.html|access-date=20 December 2017|website=www.sloperama.com|archive-date=October 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003115810/https://www.sloperama.com/gostop/cards.html|url-status=live}}

The standard categorizations and point values for each card are as follows. Note that some games change the point values or categorizations of the cards. For example, in the game Hachi-Hachi, all of the November cards count as kasu, and in the game Sakura, the values of the cards are different.

* In the Korean {{lang|ko|hwatu}} version, the November and December suits are swapped.

A few cards in hanafuda contain Japanese text. Early hanafuda had poems in order to disguise themselves as Uta-garuta, but the text had since been simplified in modern times. In addition to the examples below, the December {{lang|ja|kasu}} cards typically display the manufacturer's name and marks, similar to the Ace of spades in western playing cards.

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Mekuri-derived games:

• {{ill|Hana-Awase|ja|花合わせ}}
• {{ill|Minhwatu|ko|민화투}}
• Koi-Koi
• Sakura
• Go-Stop
• {{ill|Roppyakken|ja|六百間}}
• Mushi
• Hachi
• {{ill|Hachi-Hachi|ja|八八}}
• Sudaoshi
• Tensho

Yomi-derived games:

• {{ill|Poka (game)|ja|ポカ}}
• {{ill|Hiyoko|ja|ひよこ (花札)}}
• Isuri

Gabo Japgi/Kabufuda-derived games:

• {{ill|Seotda|ko|섰다}}
• {{ill|Doryjytgo-ttang|ko|섰다#도리짓고땡}}

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In Unicode, a symbol to represent {{Transliteration|ja|hanafuda}} is available at {{unichar|1F3B4|ulink=}} in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs block.https://unicode-explorer.com/c/1F3B4 This character is typically rendered as the Full Moon with Red Sky card.https://emojipedia.org/flower-playing-cards It was added as part of Unicode 6.0 in 2010 and added to Unicode Emoji 1.0 in 2015.

• :Category:Films about hanafuda
• :Category:Hanafuda manufacturers
• Kabufuda
• Karuta
• Uta-garuta

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Hanafuda}}
• {{Wiktionary-inline}}
• {{bgg|5451}}
• [http://www.sloperama.com/hanafuda/ Hanafuda rules]
• [https://steve-p.org/cards/Hana.html Commentary on Hanafuda cards, including Korean variants]

{{Playing cards}}

{{Playing card packs by geography}}

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Category:19th-century card games

Category:Hawaii culture

Category:Japanese card games

Category:Japanese games

Category:Korean card games

Category:Korean games

Category:Micronesian culture

Category:Nintendo toys

Category:Playing card decks