Hangaku Gozen

She lived during the end of the Heian and the beginning of the Kamakura periods. Her other names include {{nihongo|Hangaku|板額 or 飯角}}. She was the daughter of a warrior named {{nihongo|Jō Sukekuni|城資国}},{{Cite journal |last=Mais |first=Carla <1992> |date=2019-03-12 |title=Onna bugeisha La donna guerriera tra realtà storica e tradizione inventata |url=http://dspace.unive.it/handle/10579/14609 |language=it}} and her siblings were {{nihongo|Jō Sukenaga|城資永}} and {{nihongo|Jō Nagamochi|城長茂}} (or {{nihongo|Sukemochi|助茂}}).

{{further|Kennin Rebellion}}

Hangaku Gozen was a member of the Taira clan and lived with her family in Echigo.{{Cite book |last1=Deacon |first1=Deborah A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRXYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Hangaku+onna-musha&pg=PA5 |title=Military Women in World Cinema: A 20th Century History and Filmography |last2=Fowler |first2=Stacy |date=2023-08-10 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-8451-2 |language=en}} Also known as Hangaku Itazaki, she was the daughter of Jo Sukenaga, who was defeated by Kiso Yoshinaka in battle. She joined her uncle, Jo Nagamochi, and cousin, Jo Sukemori, in the Kennin Rebellion of 1201, and became an integral part of their defensive operations at Torisaka Castle.{{Cite book |last=Salmonson |first=Jessica Amanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OU-2BgAAQBAJ&dq=Hangaku&pg=PT76 |title=The Encyclopedia of Amazons: Women Warriors from Antiquity to the Modern Era |date=2015-04-07 |publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=978-1-4532-9364-5 |language=en}} Hangaku was noted for her leadership and bravery during the three-month long defense during which she and Sukemori led forces of men against Sasaki Moritsuna's bakufu army, who were loyal to the Kamakura Shogunate. "Dressed as a boy", Hangaku stood on the tower of the castle and all those that came to attack her were shot down by her arrows which pierced them either in their chests or their heads.M.R. Beard, The Force of Women in Japanese History (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1953), 72-73.{{Cite book |last=Mulhern |first=Chieko Irie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jm-mBgAAQBAJ&dq=Hangaku&pg=PA139 |title=Heroic with Grace: Legendary Women of Japan |date=2015-02-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46868-4 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Bernard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ETPEAAAQBAJ&dq=Hangaku&pg=PA326 |title=Women and War [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present [2 volumes] |date=2006-05-19 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-85109-775-3 |language=en}}

The rebel defenses were eventually struck down and Hangaku's fighting stopped only after she was wounded by an arrow that pierced her thigh. She was captured and presented, "fearless as a man and beautiful as a flower", as a prisoner of war to the Shogun Minamoto Yoriiye, who was intrigued by her beauty and reputation.{{Cite book |last1=King |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyvrAAAAMAAJ&q=Hangaku |title=Japanese Warrior Prints, 1646-1905 |last2=Iwakiri |first2=Yuriko |date=2007 |publisher=Hotei |isbn=978-90-74822-84-8 |language=en}} Lady Hangaku was precluded from ritual suicide by the Shogun's orders to marry his retainer, Asari Yoshito.{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdfgjV2kw6oC&dq=Hangaku&pg=PA124 |title=Japanese Mythology A to Z |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2802-3 |language=en}} Later, she reportedly delivered a son, but there is little record of the remainder of her life.

The Jō were warriors, allies of the Taira clan, in Echigo Province (present-day Niigata Prefecture). They were defeated in the Genpei Wars, and lost most of their power. In 1201, together with her nephew {{nihongo|Jō Sukemori|城資盛}}, she raised an army and joined Sukemoto in his attempt (the Kennin Rebellion) to overthrow the Kamakura Shogunate. Hangaku and Sukenaga took a defensive position at a fort at Tossakayama under attack from {{nihongo|Sasaki Moritsuna|佐々木盛綱}}. Hangaku commanded 3,000 soldiers to defend against an army of 10,000 soldiers loyal to the Hōjō clan.

Ultimately she was wounded by an arrow and captured; the defenses then collapsed. Hangaku was taken to Kamakura. When she was presented to the shōgun Minamoto no Yoriie, she met {{nihongo|Asari Yoshitō|浅利義遠}}, a warrior of the Kai-Genji clan, who received the shōgun's permission to marry her. They lived in Kai, where she is said to have had one daughter.

Hangaku appears in the Azuma Kagami.[http://www.nijl.ac.jp/databases/db-room/genpon/azutext2.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912042530/http://www.nijl.ac.jp/databases/db-room/genpon/azutext2.htm|date=September 12, 2005}}

Hangaku is said to have been "fearless as a man and beautiful as a flower,"{{cite book |last=Beard |first=Mary |year=1953 |title=The Force of Women in Japanese History |url=https://archive.org/details/forceofwomeninja00bear |url-access=registration |publisher=Public Affairs Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/forceofwomeninja00bear/page/72 72–73]}} Cited by {{cite encyclopedia |title=Japan, Women Warriors in Ancient and Medieval Japan |first=Bernard |last=Cook |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |encyclopedia=Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present |pages=326–327 |isbn=9781851097708 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&pg=PA326}} and to have wielded a naginata in battle. Many storytellers and printmakers have portrayed her in their works, including Kuniyoshi, who produced a series of warrior women prints. This series also included such historical or literary figures as Tomoe Gozen, Shizuka Gozen, and Hōjō Masako.

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Category:Japanese women in warfare

Category:Taira clan

Category:Women in 13th-century warfare

Category:Japanese warriors

Category:13th-century Japanese women

Category:13th-century Japanese people