Hanlin Academy#Bureau of Translators

{{Infobox university

| name = Hanlin Academy

| native_name = 翰林院

| native_name_lang = Chinese

| image = File:Hanlin Academy cropped.jpg

| established = 708 CE Tang dynasty, reign of Emperor Xuanzong

| closed =
(June 23, 1900 set on fire by the Gansu Braves)
Shut down following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911

| founder = Emperor Xuanzong

| city = Chang'an, Luoyang, Beijing, Nanjing

| module = {{infobox Chinese

| child = yes

| s = 翰林院

| t = 翰林院

| p = Hànlín Yuàn

| w =

| mi =

| y =

| j =

| poj =

| order = st}}

}}

The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution of higher learning founded in the 8th century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an. It has also been translated as "College of Literature" and "Academy of the Forest of Pencils."{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Keith |title=The Han Lin Academy and a Chinese Deity |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23890208 |journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=13 April 1996 |volume=36 |pages=231–233 |jstor=23890208 }}

Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court. One of its primary duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics. This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations, which aspiring government bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher-level government posts. Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy.{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=A. L. Y. |date=1966 |title=The Hanlin Academy in the Early Ch'ing Period (1644-1795) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881435 |journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=6 |pages=100–119 |jstor=23881435 |issn=0085-5774}}

Academy members

Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were:

Li Bai (701–762) – Poet
Bai Juyi (772–846) – Poet
Su Shi (1037 – 1101) – Poet{{Cite journal |last=Baldrian-Hussein |first=Farzeen |date=1996 |title=Alchemy and Self-Cultivation in Literary Circles of the Northern Song Dynasty – Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037-1101) and His Techniques of Survival – |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45276183 |journal=Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie |volume=9 |pages=15–53 |doi=10.3406/asie.1996.1109 |jstor=45276183 |issn=0766-1177}}
Yan Shu (991–1055) – Poet, calligrapher, (prime minister, 1042)
Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) – Historian
Shen Kuo (1031–1095) – Chancellor
Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) – Painter
Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322) – Painter, calligrapher, poet (rector, 1314–1320)
Huang Zicheng (1350–1402) – Imperial scholar
Li Dongyang (1447–1516) – Imperial officer, poet, served as 'Grand Historian'
Ni Yuanlu (1593–1644) – Calligrapher, painter, high-ranking official
Wu Renchen (1628–1689) – Historian and mathematician
Chen Menglei (1650–1741) – Scholar, writer (Editor in Chief of the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China)
Zhang Tingyu (1672–1755) – Politician and historian
Ji Xiaolan (1724–1805) – Scholar, poet (Editor in Chief of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries)
Yao Nai (1731–1815) – Scholar
Gao E (1738–1815) – Scholar and editor
He Changling (1785–1848) – Scholar and official
Zeng Guofan (1811–1872) – Scholar and later key military official
Chen Lanbin (1816–1895) – Diplomat (ambassador to the U.S., Spain and Peru)
Weng Tonghe (1830–1904) – Imperial Tutor
Cai Yuanpei (1868–1940) – Educator
Qu Hongji (1850–1918) – Politician

Bureau of Translators

Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators ({{zh|s=四夷館/四译館|p=Sìyí Guǎn/Sìyì Guǎn|w=Szu⁴-i² Kuan³/Szu⁴-i⁴ Kuan³}}).{{cite journal |last1=Wild |first1=Norman |title=Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷譯館 (Bureau of Translators) |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=1945 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=617–640 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00072311 |jstor=609340 |s2cid=154048910 }} Founded by the Ming dynasty in 1407, after the first expedition of Zheng He to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/fb645.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019232753/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/fb645.html |archive-date=2013-10-19 |title= ͼ ݹż 䱾 Կ }} such as the Jurchen,{{cite book|author=Shou-p'ing Wu Ko|title=Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdAOAAAAQAAJ&q=The+use+of+these+alphabets+seem+to+have+outlived+the+dynasty,+for+a+college+was+established+the+special+study+of+the+in+1407,+during+the+Ming&pg=PR19|year=1855|pages=xix–}}{{cite book|title=Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6k-AAAAcAAJ&q=The+use+of+these+alphabets+seem+to+have+outlived+the+dynasty,+for+a+college+was+established+the+special+study+of+the+in+1407,+during+the+Ming&pg=PR19|year=1855|publisher=Mission Press|pages=xix–}}{{cite journal |last1=de Lacouperie |first1=Terrien |title=The Djurtchen of Mandshuria: Their Name, Language, and Literature |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1889 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=433–460 |jstor=25208941 }} "Tartar" (Mongol),{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=98–}}{{cite book|author=Shou-p'ing Wu Ko|title=Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdAOAAAAQAAJ&q=termed+1407+certain+number+of+students+were+appointed+by+imperial+authority+instructed+in+knowledge+writing+language+tribes&pg=PR26|year=1855|pages=xxvi–}}{{cite book|author1=Alexander Wylie|author2=Henri Cordier|title=Chinese Researches|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279856|quote=termed 1407 certain number of students were appointed by imperial authority instructed in knowledge writing language tribes.|year=1897|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279856/page/n546 261]–}}{{cite book|title=Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6k-AAAAcAAJ&q=termed+1407+certain+number+of+students+were+appointed+by+imperial+authority+instructed+in+knowledge+writing+language+tribes&pg=PR26|year=1855|publisher=Mission Press|pages=xxvi–}} Korean,{{cite journal |last1=Ogura |first1=S. |title=A Corean Vocabulary |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |date=1926 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00102538 |jstor=607397 |s2cid=145363934 }} Ryukyuan, Japanese,{{cite journal |last1=Mai |first1=Yun |title=漢語歷史音韻研究中的一些方法問題 [Some Methodological Problems in Chinese Phonetics] |journal=浙江大学汉语史研究中心简报 [The Briefing News of Research Center for History of Chinese Language] |date=2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261862126 |access-date=24 May 2020}}

{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261862126 |title=中國翻譯史學會論文投稿: 16世紀日本譯語的出版及傳抄 |first=Chichu |last=Chiu |date=21 December 2012 |conference=書寫中國翻譯史: 第五屆中國譯學新芽研討會 [Writing Chinese Translation History: Fifth Young Researchers' Conference on Chinese Translation Studies] |access-date= 24 May 2020 |language= zh |trans-title=The Publishing and Writing of Chinese-Japanese Dictionary in the 16th Century }} Tibetan,{{cite thesis |last=Lotze |first=Johannes S. |date=2016 |title=Translation of Empire: Mongol Legacy, Language Policy, and the Early Ming World Order, 1368-1453 |type=PhD |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/64901158/FULL_TEXT.PDF |access-date=24 May 2020}} "Huihui" (the "Muslim" language, Persian){{cite book |last=Ido |first=Shinji |title=Trends in Iranian and Persian Linguistics |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |date= 2018 |pages=21–52 |chapter=Chapter 2: Huihuiguan zazi: A New Persian glossary compiled in Ming China |doi=10.1515/9783110455793-003}}{{cite book |last=Ido |first=Shinji |title=Iranian languages and literatures of Central Asia: from the 18th century to the present |publisher=Association pour l'Avancement des Études Iraniennes |date= 2015 |pages=99–136 |chapter=New Persian vowels transcribed in Ming China}}{{cite journal |last1=Hecker |first1=Felicia J. |title=A Fifteenth-Century Chinese Diplomat in Herat |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1993 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300003692 |jstor=25182641 |s2cid=153758529 }}{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=94–}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf|title=p. 5.|accessdate=25 June 2023}} Vietnamese{{Cite web |url=http://khoavanhoc.edu.vn/attachments/455_Shimizu%20Masaaki%20-%20tailieu.pdf |title=Thông báo về việc các GS Nhật Bản sang trao đổi khoa học, tham gia đào tạo cao học Hán Nôm |access-date=2016-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309125348/http://khoavanhoc.edu.vn/attachments/455_Shimizu%20Masaaki%20-%20tailieu.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-09 |url-status=dead }} and Burmese languages, as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (Bai yi 百夷, i.e., Shan ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of Turfan, i.e. Old Uyghur language),{{cite book|author1=Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee|author2=Luther Carrington Goodrich|title=Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFMYAAAAIAAJ&q=uighur|date=15 October 1976|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=1042, 1126|isbn=9780231038010}}{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius Klaproth|title=Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pK6WaWJsxC8C&pg=PA6|date=January 1985|publisher=Buske Verlag|isbn=978-3-87118-710-0|pages=6–}}{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius Klaproth|title=Abhandlungen über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EKZFAAAAcAAJ|year=1820|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EKZFAAAAcAAJ/page/n6 6]–}}{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius von Klaproth|title=Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren, nebst einem Wörterverzeichnisse und anderen uigurischen Sprachproben (etc.)|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jz9JAAAAcAAJ|year=1820|publisher=Königl. Dr.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jz9JAAAAcAAJ/page/n12 6]–}}{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius Klaproth|title=Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5o9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41|year=1812|pages=41–}} and Xitian (西天; (Sanskrit, spoken in India). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai (八百; Lao) and Thai were added, respectively.{{citation

|title=Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷(譯)館 (Bureau of Translators)

|author=Norman Wild|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

|volume=11|issue= 3|year=1945|pages= 617–640

|jstor=609340|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00072311

|s2cid=154048910}}; pp. 617-618. A Malay language vocabulary (Manlajia Guan Yiyu) 滿剌加館譯語 (Words-list of Melaka Kingdom) for the Malay spoken in the Malacca Sultanate was compiled.{{cite book|author=Vladimir Braginsky|title=Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&q=Gempita+mist&pg=PA366|date=18 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-84879-7|pages=366–}}{{cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=E. D. |last2=Blagden |first2=C. O. |title=A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?) |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |date=1931 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=715–749 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00093204 |jstor=607205 |s2cid=129174700 }}{{cite journal |last1=B. |first1=C. O. |title=Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?) |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |date=1939 |volume=10 |issue=1 |jstor=607921 }}{{cite book|author=Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew|title=A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore: From Colonialism to Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jz6acTOquoC&pg=PA79|date=7 December 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-01233-3|pages=79–}}{{cite book|author=Donald F. Lach|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. Book 3: The Scholarly Disciplines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VToJrBPbQ9AC&pg=PA493|date=15 January 2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46713-9|pages=493–}} A Cham language vocabulary 占城館 was created for the language spoken in the Champa Kingdom.{{cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=E. D. |last2=Blagden |first2=C. O. |title=A Chinese Vocabulary of Cham Words and Phrases |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |date=1939 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=53–91 |jstor=607926 }}{{cite book|author=Vladimir Braginsky|title=Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA398|date=18 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-84879-7|pages=398–}}

When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming Siyiguan 四夷館, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians", changed the name from yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people", and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 "hundred barbarians" to Baiyi 百譯 "hundred translations".Wild (1945), p. 620.

The later Tongwen Guan set up by the Qing dynasty for translating western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen and not the Hanlin.

1900 fire

File:Hanlin Academy cropped.jpg]]

The Beijing Hanlin Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the Siege of the International Legations in Peking (now known as Beijing) in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance, close to the British Legation as an intimidation tactic. On June 22-23, the fire spread to the academy:

{{quote|The old buildings burned like tinder with a roar which drowned the steady rattle of musketry as Tung Fu-shiang's Moslems fired wildly through the smoke from upper windows.

Some of the incendiaries were shot down, but the buildings were an inferno and the old trees standing round them blazed like torches.

An attempt was made to save the famous Yung Lo Ta Tien, but heaps of volumes had been destroyed, so the attempt was given up.|eyewitness Lancelot Giles, son of Herbert Giles{{cite web|url=http://www.historikorders.com/chinaboxer.htm|title=BOXER REBELLION // CHINA 1900|publisher=HISTORIK ORDERS, LTD WEBSITE|access-date=2008-10-20|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212151628/http://www.historikorders.com/chinaboxer.htm|archive-date=February 12, 2005}}}}

The flames destroyed many ancient texts.{{cite book|author=Diana Preston|title=The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900|year=1999|isbn=0-8027-1361-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/boxerrebelliondr00dian/page/138 138–140]|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/boxerrebelliondr00dian/page/138}}

The academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

References

External links

=Foreign language vocabularies=

s:zh:華夷譯語 – 達達館(蒙古語)Mongol language
[https://archive.org/details/02076757.cn 華夷譯語(一)] – 暹羅館(泰語) 天文門. Thai language
[https://archive.org/details/02076758.cn 華夷譯語(二)] – 緬甸館譯語緬甸館來文(緬甸語)通用門.Burmese language
[https://archive.org/details/02076759.cn 華夷譯語(三)] – 百夷館(雲南傣語)天文門.Baiyi (Dai, Shan)
[https://archive.org/details/02076760.cn 華夷譯語(四)] – 百夷館(雲南傣語)天文門和地理門.Baiyi (Dai, Shan)
[https://archive.org/details/02076761.cn 華夷譯語(五)] – 回回館《回回館雜字》(波斯語)天文門.Persian language
[https://archive.org/details/02076762.cn 華夷譯語(六)] – 回回館《回回館雜字》(波斯語)天文門和地理門.Persian language
[https://archive.org/details/02076763.cn 高昌館來文] – 高昌館來文(高昌)回鶻語 (畏兀兒館(回鶻語).Old Uyghur language
[https://archive.org/details/02076764.cn 譯文備覽] – 譯文備覽西番館(藏語).Tibetan language
[http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/ho05/ho05_02389/index.html 西番譯語] – 《西番譯語》西番館(藏語)Tibetan language
s:zh:華夷譯語/朝鮮館譯語 Korean language
s:zh:使琉球錄 (陳侃)#.E5.A4.B7.E8.AA.9E.EF.BC.88.E9.99.84.EF.BC.89 Ryukyuan language
s:zh:使琉球錄 (蕭崇業)/附#.E5.A4.B7.E8.AA.9E – 使琉球錄夷語夷字 Ryukyuan language
s:zh:使琉球錄 (夏子陽)/卷下#.E5.A4.B7.E8.AA.9E.E3.80.90.E9.99.84.E3.80.91 Ryukyuan language
s:zh:中山傳信錄/卷六#.E9.A2.A8.E4.BF.97 Ryukyuan language
s:zh:重修使琉球錄 Ryukyuan language
[http://www.guoxue123.com/biji/ming/slql/008.htm 使琉球录三种-夷语(附)_国学导航] Ryukyuan language
[http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/15/80/0.htm 0-使琉球录-明-陈侃] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129014857/http://wenxian.fanren8.com/06/15/80/0.htm |date=2014-11-29 }} Ryukyuan language
[http://www.guoxue123.com/other/gcdg/gcdg/107.htm 國朝典故卷之一百二使琉球錄(明)陳侃撰] Ryukyuan language
[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WouAAAAYAAJ/page/n49 《女直館》(女真語) 《女真譯語》《女真館雜字》在 Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen by Wilhem Grube by Wilhem Grube 《女真文和女真語》作者: 葛祿博] [https://books.google.com/books?id=zBkYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1] [https://archive.org/stream/diespracheundsc00unkngoog#page/n24/mode/2up] Jurchen language