Hans Nielsen Hauge#Legacy
{{Short description|Norwegian Lutheran minister, spiritual leader, entrepreneur, social reformer and author}}
{{Infobox saint
|name=Hans Nielsen Hauge
|birth_date= {{birth date|1771|04|03|df=y}}
Rolvsøy, Tune, Norway
|death_date= {{death date and age|1824|03|29|1771|04|03|df=y}}
Christiania, Norway
|feast_day=Lutheran Church:
|venerated_in=Lutheran Church
|image=Hans Nielsen Hauge.jpg
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Hans Nielsen Hauge (3 April 1771 – 29 March 1824) was a 19th-century Norwegian Lutheran lay minister, spiritual leader, business entrepreneur, social reformer and author. He led a noted Pietism revival known as the Haugean movement. Hauge is also considered to have been influential in the early industrialization of Norway.Steinar Thorvaldsen. [http://hitos.arkivert.uit.no/fou_pub/kristendom/hauge.htm Hans Nielsen Hauge 200-year Jubileum]. Tromsø University College (Norwegian).{{cite web|url= http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/15430/1/15430.pdf|title = Hans Nielsen Hauge and The Prophetic Imagination |publisher = Department of Scandinavian Studies, University College London |author= Alison Heather Stibbe|date= February 2007|access-date= June 5, 2016}}
Biography
{{lutheranism}}
Hans Nielsen Hauge was born the fifth of ten children in his ancestral farm of Hauge at Rolvsøy (Hauge på Rolvsøy) in the county of Østfold. His father was Niels Mikkelsen Evenrød (1732–1813) and mother Maria Olsdatter Hauge (1735–1811).
He had a poor and otherwise ordinary youth until 5 April 1796, when he received his "spiritual baptism" in a field near his farm. Within two months, he had founded a revival movement in his own community, written a book, and decided to take his mission on the road. He wrote a series of books in his lifetime. In a total of 18 years, he published 33 books. Estimates are that 100,000 Norwegians read one or more of them, at a time when the population was 900,000 more-or-less literate individuals."[http://www.snl.no/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge/norsk_legpredikant Hans Nielsen Hauge – norsk legpredikant]," Store norske leksikon.
In the next several years, Hauge traveled – mostly by foot – throughout much of Norway. He held countless revival meetings, often after church services. In addition to his religious work, he offered practical advice, encouraging such things as settlements in Northern Norway. He and his followers were persecuted, though their teachings were in keeping with Lutheran doctrine. He began preaching about "the living faith" in Norway and Denmark after a mystical experience that he believed called him to share the assurance of salvation with others. At the time, itinerant preaching and religious gatherings held without the supervision of a pastor were illegal, and Hauge was arrested several times.Steinar Thorvaldsen (2010). [http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/handle/10037/2949/article.pdf?sequence=3 A Prophet Behind the Plough]. University of Tromsø, Eureka Digital.
Hauge faced great personal suffering and state persecution. He was imprisoned no less than 14 times between 1794 and 1811, accused of witchcraft and adultery, and of violating the Conventicle Act of 1741 ({{Lang|no|Konventikkelplakaten}}) at a time in which Norwegians did not have the right of religious assembly without a Church of Norway minister present.{{cite book|last=Arden|first=Gothard Everett|title= Four Northern Lights; Men who Shaped Scandinavian churches|year=1964| publisher=Augsburg Publishing House|location=Minneapolis|pages=59–60}} The law "was not created to be used against Hauge, but it is almost only against Hauge that it was attempted to be used."{{Cite journal |last=Supphellen |first=Steinar |title=Konventikkelplakaten og Hans Nielsen Hauge sitt forhold til den |trans-title=The Conventicle Act and Hans Nielsen Hauge's relationship to it |url=https://journals.mf.no/ntm/article/view/5425/4432 |journal=Norwegian Journal of Missiology |date=2021 |language=nn |volume=75 |issue=1–2 |pages=134|doi=10.48626/ntm.v75i1-2.5425 }}
His time in prison broke his health and led to his premature death. Upon his release from prison in 1811, he took up work as a farmer and industrialist at Bakkehaugen near Christiania (now Oslo).Lars Walker, "[http://spectator.org/archives/2007/10/16/an-american-unawares/ An American, Unawares] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130195839/http://www.spectator.org/archives/2007/10/16/an-american-unawares |date=2008-11-30 }}," The American Spectator (Oct. 16, 2007).James Kiefer, "[http://www.missionstclare.com/english/people/mar28.html Hans Nielsen Hauge 28 March 1824]" (Lutheran Calendar, March 29)
In 1815, he married Andrea Andersdatter, who later died in childbirth that same year. In 1817, he married Ingeborg Marie Olsdatter (1791–1872) and bought the Bredtvet farm (now the site of Bredtvet Church in Oslo), where he died. Three of his four children died in infancy. His surviving son, Andreas Hauge, became a priest in the Church of Norway and Member of the Norwegian Parliament.{{cite encyclopedia|title=Andreas Hauge|encyclopedia=Norsk biografisk leksikon|first=Vidar L.|last=Haanes|editor=Knut Helle |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Andreas_Hauge/utdypning|language=no|access-date= June 5, 2016}}
Haugean movement
File:Adolph Tidemand - Low Church Devotion - Google Art Project.jpg (1848–1852)]]
It is generally agreed that Hauge had a profound influence on both secular and religious history in Norway.[http://murphylibrary.uwlax.edu/digital/jur/1999/soltvedt.pdf Soltvedt, Susanne (1999) Hans Nielson Hauge: The Influence of the Hauge Movement on Women of Norway (University of Wisconsin-La Crosse)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093347/http://murphylibrary.uwlax.edu/digital/jur/1999/soltvedt.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}Alison H. Stibbe, [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/15430/1/15430.pdf Hans Nielsen Hauge and the Prophetic Imagination]. (Doctoral thesis, University of London. 2007.) Hauge's message emphasized the type of spirituality he felt originated with Martin Luther. He led charismatic meetings, and his organization became an informal network that in many ways challenged the establishment of the state church. As a result, he and his followers were persecuted in various ways. Hauge was imprisoned on several occasions, spending a total of nine years in prison.Britt G. Hallqvist, "[http://www.augsburg.edu/now/archives/fall97/word.html A word from one of the authors of Captive and Free] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509055941/http://www.augsburg.edu/now/archives/fall97/word.html |date=2008-05-09 }}," Augsburg Now. Augsburg College. Minneapolis, MN. Fall 1997, Vol. 60, No. 1.
Over time the Haugean movement increased its influence throughout the country. Some figures might illustrate that fact. In the late eighteenth century a normal service at a church in Christiania would be attended by fewer than 20 people – of a population of nearly 10,000. Christianity in Norway was nearly becoming a framework for traditions, and ethics (from a Christian perspective) and spiritual life were nearly non-existent. It is not an exaggeration to state that he revived the faith in most of Norway.{{cite web|url= https://snl.no/haugianere|title= haugianere|publisher= Store norske leksikon
|author= Nils Egede Bloch-Hoell|access-date= June 5, 2016}} Both men and women played a central role in this revival. The first female preacher of the Haugean movement was Sara Oust, who was active from the year 1799.[https://nbl.snl.no/Sara_Oust Sara Oust], Norsk Biografisk Lexikon
Turning to his achievements as an industrialist, the number of factories and mills that Hauge founded around the country were numerous. All but one disappeared during the industrial revolution, which in Norway took place in the mid-19th century. In 1809, the government temporarily released Hauge from prison so that he could construct salt factories to help alleviate the salt shortage caused by the British Blockade.{{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Joseph M.|title= Pulpit Under the Sky|year=1955|publisher=Augsburg Publishing House|location=Minneapolis|pages=129}} Even so, his modesty prevented him from becoming a capitalist, and he gave away all he had founded and inspired to others – brethren and friends. During a period of extreme economic crisis, when almost all the prosperous timber barons and iron works owners went bankrupt because of the Napoleonic wars, he showed a way to prosperity for anyone with initiative, and this led to the new rise in Norwegian economics some years after national independence in 1814. In this matter Hauge was but one of several contributors, but he was one of the most influential – especially so in the way he combined economics and Christian morals: modesty, honesty and hard work among them."[http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge/utdypning Hans Nielsen Hauge – utdypning]," Store norske leksikon.
File:Hans Nielsen Hauge, gravminne på Gamle Aker kirkegård, Oslo, DSC 3690.JPG
Factors in influence
- His defiance toward the religious and secular establishment gave voice to ordinary people, paving much of the way for the liberal and democratic tradition in Norway.{{cite journal|title= Hans Nielsen Hauge, A catalyst of literacy in Norway|journal = Scandinavian Journal of History|volume = 39|issue = 5|pages = 539–559|author= Linda Haukland|date= October 22, 2014 |doi= 10.1080/03468755.2014.946533|hdl = 11250/278853|s2cid = 146547607|hdl-access = free}}
- His theology, while bound in Lutheran doctrine, revitalized the notion of universal religion in Norway. The Norwegian state church credits him today for making religion a personal obligation.{{cite web|url= http://blogg-ove.blogspot.com/2015/07/hans-nielsen-hauge-norges-vekkerrst.html|title = Hans Nielsen Hauge – Norges vekkerrøst|publisher = blogspot.com|author= Ove Sandvik|date= July 30, 2015|access-date= June 5, 2016}}
- His travels created nationwide networks that persist in Norway's political system generally and among parties in particular.
- His advocacy for common people became an important force as the industrial revolution unfolded in Norway.
Legacy
Many Haugeans launched industrial action, such as mills, shipyards, paper mills, textile industry and printing. They had often worked their way up to prosperity in a short time, a result of Haugean focus on diligence, economic enterprise and frugality. Three members of the constitutional assembly in Eidsvoll belonged to his movement.Magnus, Alv Johan (1978). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220958/http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/iss/1978/67496/HNHauge%5B1%5D.pdf Revival And Society: An Examination of the Haugean Revival and its Influence on Norwegian Society in the 19th Century]. Magister Thesis in Sociology at the University of Oslo.
Because Hauge's preaching coincided with the years during which many Norwegians were migrating to America, the Haugean influence on Lutheranism in America has been considerable.{{cite web|url= http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume23/vol23_1.html|title= The Norwegian Immigrant and His Church|publisher= The Norwegian-American Historical Association (Volume 23: Page 3)|author= Eugene L. Fevold|access-date= June 5, 2016|archive-date= January 21, 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120121110451/http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume23/vol23_1.html|url-status= dead}} The Lutheran Church in America had a Hauge Synod, Eielsen Synod and Lutheran Free Church all indicative of that influence.{{cite web|url= http://download.elca.org/ELCA%20Resource%20Repository/ELCA_Family_Tree.pdf?_ga=1.266926158.1737659214.1465393012
|title= ELCA Family Tree|publisher= Evangelical Lutheran Church in America |access-date= June 5, 2016}}Semmingsen, Ingrid Gaustad. [http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume11/vol11_5.htm Norwegian Emigration to America During the Nineteenth Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216140341/http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume11/vol11_5.htm |date=2012-02-16 }}. Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume XI: p. 66.Soltvedt, Susanne (1999) [http://murphylibrary.uwlax.edu/digital/jur/1999/soltvedt.pdf Hans Nielson Hauge: The Influence of the Hauge Movement on Women of Norway] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093347/http://murphylibrary.uwlax.edu/digital/jur/1999/soltvedt.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}. Murphy Library, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, Undergraduate Research. Hauge is remembered on the liturgical calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on March 29 as one of the Renewers of the Church.[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/122.html James E. Kiefer: Hans Nielsen Hauge, Renewer of the Church (justus.anglican.org)]
Hauge Institute
The Hauge Institute ({{Lang|no|Haugeinstituttet}}) was founded in 2005.{{cite web|url= http://haugeinstitute.org.2.erkunde.no/om-haugeinstituttet/2016/4/festskriftet-haugeinstituttet-10-ar|title= About the Hauge Institute (Haugeinstituttet)|publisher= The Hauge Institute
|access-date= June 5, 2016}} The institute seeks to raise awareness about Hauge, his ethical thinking and topicality and to impart inspiration to the business and educational community as well as society in general. Based on his thinking and practice, the Hauge Institute focuses on the ethical dimension in three main areas: leadership, entrepreneurship, and trade and the environment. The Hauge Institute has several professional partners. Two of the most important are St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, and the Norwegian School of Economics in Bergen, Norway.{{cite web|url= http://haugeinstitute.org.2.erkunde.no/331/hauge-institute-partners|title= Hauge Institute Partners|publisher= The Hauge Institute |access-date= June 5, 2016}}
Selected works
- {{Lang|no|Betragtning over Verdens Daarlighed}}, 1796
- {{Lang|no|Forsøg til en Afhandling om Guds Viisdom}}, 1796
- {{Lang|no|De Enfoldiges Lære og Afmægtiges Styrke}}, 1798
- {{Lang|no|De sande Christnes udvalgte Psalmebog}}, 1799
- {{Lang|no|Den christelige Lære, forklaret over Epistlerne og Evangelierne}}, 1800
- {{Lang|no|Forklaring over Loven og Evangelium}}, 1804
- {{Lang|no|Om religiøse Følelser og deres Værd}}, 1817
- {{Lang|no|Religeuse Sange}}, 1819
- {{Lang|no|Huus-Postil}}, 1822
- {{Lang|no|Udtog af Kirke-Historien}}, 1822
- {{Lang|no|Hans Nielsen Hauges Testamente til sine Venner}}, 1821
Memorials
- Hans Nielsen Hauge Memorial Museum – in Rolvsøy, located between Fredrikstad and Sarpsborg, near the site of his birthplace
- Hans Nielsen Hauge Monument – Concordia College, located in Founders Court, near Old Main, Moorhead, Minnesota.
- Hans Nielsen Hauge Memorial Chapel – Free Lutheran Bible College and Seminary, Plymouth, Minnesota.
- Hans Nielsen Hauge Memorial – Bredtvet Church in Oslo located on the site of the Bredtvet farm
- Hans Nielsen Hauge statue – Uranienborg Park in the neighborhood of Uranienborg in Oslo
- Hans Nielsen Hauges vei – street in Rolvsøy
- Hans Hauges gate – street in the Bergenhus borough of Bergen
- Hans Nielsen Hauges gate – street in Hamar
- Hauges gate – street in Drammen
- Hans Nielsen Hauges gate and Hans Nielsen Hauges plass – both streets located in Oslo
- Hans Nielsen Hauge memorial coin – In 2021 a 20 kroner created by sculptor Håkon Anton Fagerås commissioned by Norges Bank, celebrating the 250th anniversary of Lutheran minister.{{Cite web |title=250-årsjubileet for Hans Nielsen Hauges fødsel markeres med minnemynt |url=https://www.norges-bank.no/aktuelt/nyheter-og-hendelser/Pressemeldinger/2021/2021-03-25-hauge/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=www.norges-bank.no |language=no}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Other sources
- Aarflot, Andreas (1979) Hans Nielsen Hauge, his life and message (Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis, MN.) {{ISBN|978-0-8066-1627-8}}
- Arnesen, Daniel (2001) Haugianske vennebrev (P. Øverland) {{ISBN|978-82-90936-33-9}} (Norwegian)
- Bull, Jacob Breda (1912) Hans Nielsen Hauge (Kristania: Steen'ske Bogtrykkeri Og Forlag) {{ISBN|978-1-161-19331-2}}
- Pettersen, Wilhelm (2008) The Light In The Prison Window: The Life Story of Hans Nielsen Hauge (Kessinger Publishing, LLC) {{ISBN|978-1-4366-7790-5}}
- Hauge, Alfred (1947) Hans Nielsen Hauge: Guds vandringsmann (Ansgar) {{ISBN|978-82-503-0463-5}} (Norwegian)
- Shaw, Joseph M. (1979) Pulpit Under the Sky: A Life of Hans Nielsen Hauge (Greenwood Press Reprint) {{ISBN|978-0-313-21123-2}}
- Sjursen, Finn Wiig (1993) Den haugianske periode, 1796-ca. 1850 (NLA-forlaget) {{ISBN|978-82-7468-020-3}} (Norwegian)
- Thorvaldsen, Steinar (2010) [https://munin.uit.no//bitstream/handle/10037/2949/article.pdf A Prophet Behind the Plough, Hans Nielsen Hauge and his Ministry](University of Tromsø) {{ISBN|978-82-7389-210-2}}
External links
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Hauge, Hans Nielsen}}
{{Commons category}}
- {{IMDb title|qid=Q11974082}} – a 1961 Norwegian biographical film about Hans Nielsen Hauge
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20030510102245/http://www4.cord.edu/library/archives/sculpturetour/hauge.htm Concordia College, Moorhead, Minn. Sculpture Exhibit]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205091631/http://www.augsburg.edu/now/archives/fall97/hauge.html Augsburg College "The Life of Hans Nielsen Hauge"]
- [http://demo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/modern/people/hauge.htm Luther Seminary. Lay evangelist and leader of a religious awakening in Norway]
- [http://www.haugesminde.no/index.htm Hans Nielsen Hauge Museum]
{{Confessional Lutheran Revivals}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hauge, Hans Nielsen}}
Category:People from Fredrikstad
Category:19th-century Norwegian people
Category:19th-century Norwegian writers
Category:Norwegian Christian religious leaders
Category:Norwegian male writers
Category:Christian revivalists
Category:19th-century Norwegian male writers
Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
Category:18th-century Lutheran theologians