Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA)

N1a originated in the Near East {{cite journal |first1=Martin |last1=Richards |first2=Vincent |last2=Macaulay |first3=Eileen |last3=Hickey |first4=Emilce |last4=Vega |first5=Bryan |last5=Sykes |first6=Valentina |last6=Guida |first7=Chiara |last7=Rengo |first8=Daniele |last8=Sellitto |first9=Fulvio |last10=Kivisild |first10=Toomas |last11=Villems |first11=Richard |last12=Thomas |first12=Mark |last13=Rychkov |first13=Serge |last14=Rychkov |first14=Oksana |last15=Rychkov |first15=Yuri |last16=Gölge |first16=Mukaddes |last17=Dimitrov |first17=Dimitar |last18=Hill |first18=Emmeline |last19=Bradley |first19=Dan |last20=Romano |first20=Valentino |last21=Calì |first21=Francesco |last22=Vona |first22=Giuseppe |last23=Demaine |first23=Andrew |last24=Papiha |first24=Surinder |last25=Triantaphyllidis |first25=Costas |last26=Stefanescu |first26=Gheorghe |last27=Hatina |first27=Jiři |last28=Belledi |first28=Michele |last29=Di Rienzo |first29=Anna |last30=Novelletto |first30=Andrea |last9=Cruciani |title=Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |issn = 0002-9297 |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1251–76 |date=16 October 2000 |pmid=11032788 |pmc=1288566 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1|display-authors=8 }} 12,000 to 32,000 years ago. Specifically, the Arabian Peninsula is postulated as the geographic origin of N1a. This supposition is based on the relatively high frequency and genetic diversity of N1a in modern populations of the peninsula.{{cite book |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael |first2=Jeffrey |last2=Rose |title=The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |pages=82–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6o4XLIKN0UC |isbn=978-90-481-2719-1}} Exact origins and migration patterns of this haplogroup are still subject of some debate.

Two main competing scenarios exist for the spread of the Neolithic package from the Near East to Europe: demic diffusion (in which agriculture was brought by farmers) or cultural diffusion (in which agriculture was spread through the passage of ideas).

N1a became particularly prominent in this debate when a team led by Wolfgang Haak analyzed skeletons from Linear Pottery Culture sites. The Linear Pottery Culture is credited with the first farming communities in Central Europe, marking the beginning of Neolithic Europe in the region some 7500 years ago. As of 2010, mitochondrial DNA analysis has been conducted on 42 specimens from five locations. Seven of these ancient individuals were found to belong to haplogroup N1a{{cite journal |first1=Wolfgang |last1=Haak |first2=Peter |last2=Forster |first3=Barbara |last3=Bramanti |first4=Shuichi |last4=Matsumura |first5=Guido |last5=Brandt |first6=Marc |last6=Tänzer |first7=Richard |last7=Villems |first8=Colin |last8=Renfrew |first9=Detlef |last10=Alt |first10=K. W. |last11=Burger |first11=J |last9=Gronenborn |title=Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites |journal=Science |issn=1095-9203 |volume=310 |issue=5750 |pages=1016–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16284177 |doi=10.1126/science.1118725 |display-authors=8 |bibcode=2005Sci...310.1016H |s2cid=11546893 }}{{cite journal |first1=Wolfgang |last1=Haak |first2=Oleg |last2=Balanovsky |first3=Juan |last3=Sanchez |first4=Sergey |last4=Koshel |first5=Valery |last5=Zaporozhchenko |first6=Christina |last6=Adler |first7=Clio |last7=Der Sarkissian |first8=Guido |last8=Brandt |first9=Carolin |last10=Nicklisch |first10=N |last11=Dresely |first11=V |last12=Fritsch |first12=B |last13=Balanovska |first13=E |last14=Villems |first14=R |last15=Meller |first15=H |last16=Alt |first16=K. W. |last17=Cooper |first17=A |last9=Schwarz |title=Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities |journal=PLOS Biology |issn=1544-9173 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e1000535 |year=2010 |pmid=21085689 |pmc=2976717 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536 |editor1-last=Penny |editor1-first=David|display-authors=8 |author18=Members of the Genographic Consortium |doi-access=free }}

A separate study analyzed 22 skeletons from European hunter-gatherer sites dated 13400-2300 BC. Most of these fossils carried the mtDNA haplogroup U, which was not found in any of the Linear Pottery Culture sites. Conversely, N1a was not identified in any of the hunter-gatherer fossils, indicating a genetic distinction between Early European Farmers and late European hunter-gatherers.{{cite journal |last1=Bramanti |first1=Barbara |last2=Thomas |first2=M. |last3=Haak |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Unterlaender |first4=M. |last5=Jores |first5=P. |last6=Tambets |first6=K. |last7=Antanaitis-Jacobs |first7=I. |last8=Haidle |first8=M. |last9=Jankauskas |first9=R. |last10=Kind |first10=C.-J. |last11=Lueth |first11=F. |last12=Terberger |first12=T. |last13=Hiller |first13=J. |last14=Matsumura |first14=S. |last15=Forster |first15=P. |last16=Burger |first16=J. |title=Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe's First Farmers |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5949 |pages=137–40 |year=2009 |pmid=19729620 |doi=10.1126/science.1176869|display-authors=8 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..137B |s2cid=206521424 |doi-access=free }}

Haak's team concludes that "the transition to farming in central Europe was accompanied by a substantial influx of people from outside the region." However, they note that haplogroup frequencies in modern Europeans are substantially different from early farming and late hunter-gatherer populations. This indicates that "the diversity observed today cannot be explained by admixture between hunter-gatherers and early farmers alone" and that "major demographic events continued to take place in Europe after the early Neolithic."

Critics of these studies claim that the LBK N1a specimens could have derived from local communities established in Europe before the introduction of farming. Ammerman's team voiced concern due to some of the LBK specimens coming from communities several hundred years after farming was first established in the region;{{cite journal |first1=Albert J. |last1=Ammerman |first2=Ron |last2=Pinhasi |first3=Eszter |last3=Bánffy |author-link3=Eszter Bánffy |title=Comment on 'Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites' |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5782 |pages=1875 |year=2006 |pmid=16809513 |doi=10.1126/science.1123936 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.....A |doi-access= }} a rebuttal was given.{{cite journal |first1=Joachim |last1=Burger |first2=Detlef |last2=Gronenborn |first3=Peter |last3=Forster |first4=Shuichi |last4=Matsumura |first5=Barbara |last5=Bramanti |first6=Wolfgang |last6=Haak |title=Response to Comment on 'Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites' |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5782 |pages=1875 |year=2006 |pmid= |doi=10.1126/science.1123984|bibcode=2006Sci...312.....B |s2cid=220083496 }}

In 2010, researchers led by Palanichamy conducted a genetic and phylogeographic analysis of N1a. Based on the results, they conclude that some of the LBK samples were indigenous to Europe while others may have resulted from 'leapfrog' colonization. Deguilloux's team agreed with Haak's conclusion on a genetic discontinuity between ancient and modern Europeans. However, they consider demic diffusion, cultural diffusion, and long-distance matrimonial exchanges all equally plausible explanations for the current genetic findings.

Seven of 42 skeletons from Linear Pottery Culture (Linearbandkeramik) sites were found to be members of the N1a haplogroup (see Neolithic European). N1a was also identified in skeletal remains within a 6200-year-old megalithic long mound near Prissé-la-Charrière, France.{{cite journal |last1=Deguilloux |first1=Marie-France |last2=Soler |first2=Ludovic |last3=Pemonge |first3=Marie-Hélène |last4=Scarre |first4=Chris |last5=Joussaume |first5=Roger |last6=Laporte |first6=Luc |title=News from the west: Ancient DNA from a French megalithic burial chamber |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |pages=108–18 |year=2010 |pmid=20717990 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21376 |volume=144 |issue=1}} A 2500-year-old fossil of a Scytho-Siberian in the Altai Republic, easternmost representative of the Scythians, was found to be a member of N1a1.{{cite journal |last1=Ricaut |first1=FX |last2=Keyser-Tracqui |first2=C |last3=Bourgeois |first3=J |last4=Crubézy |first4=E |last5=Ludes |first5=B |title=Genetic analysis of a Scytho-Siberian skeleton and its implications for ancient Central Asian migrations |journal=Human Biology |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=109–25 |year=2004 |pmid=15222683 |doi=10.1353/hub.2004.0025|s2cid=35948291 }} A study of a 10th and 11th century Hungarians found that N1a1a1 was present in high-status individuals but absent from commoners.{{cite journal |last1=Tömöry |first1=Gyöngyvér |last2=Csányi |first2=Bernadett |last3=Bogácsi-Szabó |first3=Erika |last4=Kalmár |first4=Tibor |last5=Czibula |first5=Ágnes |last6=Csősz |first6=Aranka |last7=Priskin |first7=Katalin |last8=Mende |first8=Balázs |last9=Langó |first9=Péter |last10=Downes |first10=C. Stephen |last11=Raskó |first11=István |title=Comparison of maternal lineage and biogeographic analyses of ancient and modern Hungarian populations |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=134 |issue=3 |pages=354–68 |year=2007 |pmid=17632797 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20677|s2cid=1359107 |url=http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/10210/1/Tomory%20et%20al%202007%20.pdf |display-authors=8 }} One of thirteen skeletons analyzed from a medieval cemetery dated 1250-1450 AD in Denmark was found to be a member of subclade N1a1a.{{cite journal |last1=Melchior |first1=Linea |last2=Lynnerup |first2=Niels |last3=Siegismund |first3=Hans R. |last4=Kivisild |first4=Toomas |last5=Dissing |first5=Jørgen |last6=Hofreiter |first6=Michael |title=Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=e11898 |year=2010 |pmid=20689597 |pmc=2912848 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011898 |editor1-last=Hofreiter |editor1-first=Michael|bibcode=2010PLoSO...511898M |doi-access=free }}

The N1 subclade has also been found in various other fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the Starčevo (N1a1a1, Alsónyék-Bátaszék, Mérnöki telep, 1/3 or 33%), Linearbandkeramik (N1a1a1a3, Szemely-Hegyes, 1/1 or 100%; N1a1b/N1a1a3/N1a1a1a2/N1a1a1/N1a1a1a, Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, 6/22 or ~27%), Alföld Linear Pottery (N1a1a1, Hejőkürt-Lidl, 1/2 or 50%), Transdanubian Late Neolithic (N1a1a1a, Apc-Berekalja, 1/1 or 100%), Protoboleráz (N1a1a1a3, Abony, Turjányos-dűlő, 1/4 or 25%), Iberia Early Neolithic cultures (N1a1a1, Els Trocs, 1/4 or 25%),{{cite journal|author=Mark Lipson|display-authors=etal|title=Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers|journal=Nature|volume=551|issue=7680|pages=368–372|date=2017|url=http://docdro.id/kHZiI2t|access-date=1 November 2017|bibcode=2017Natur.551..368L|doi=10.1038/nature24476|pmid=29144465|pmc=5973800}} Rinaldone-Gaudo Eneolithic cultures (N1a1a1a3, Monte San Biagio, 1/1 or 100%).{{cite journal |last1= Antonio |first1=Margaret L.|last2=Gao |first2=Ziyue |last3=M. Moots |first3= Hannah |year=2019 |title=Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean |journal=Science |language=en |location= Washington D.C.|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |publication-date= November 8, 2019|volume= 366 |issue= 6466|pages=708–714 |doi=10.1126/science.aay6826 |pmid=31699931|pmc=7093155|bibcode=2019Sci...366..708A|hdl=2318/1715466 |hdl-access=free }}

Haplogroup N1a is widely distributed throughout Europe, Northeast Africa, the Near East and Central Asia. It is divided into the European/Central Asian and African/South Asian branches based on specific genetic markers.

Relatively high frequencies of N1a are found in the modern population of Saudi Arabia. Estimates range from 2.4%{{cite journal |last1=Abu-Amero |first1=Khaled K |last2=Larruga |first2=José M |last3=Cabrera |first3=Vicente M |last4=González |first4=Ana M |title=Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=8 |pages=45 |year=2008 |issue=1 |pmid=18269758 |pmc=2268671 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-45 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8...45A |doi-access=free }} to 4%.{{cite journal |last1=Abu-Amero |first1=Khaled K |last2=González |first2=Ana M |last3=Larruga |first3=Jose M |last4=Bosley |first4=Thomas M |last5=Cabrera |first5=Vicente M |title=Eurasian and African mitochondrial DNA influences in the Saudi Arabian population |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=7 |pages=32 |year=2007 |pmid=17331239 |pmc=1810519 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-32 |doi-access=free }} Regional analysis revealed that the haplogroup was most common in the center of the country. Haplotype diversity is noted for being higher here than elsewhere.

Frequencies of N1a in Yemen are relatively high, with estimates varying by study: 3.6%, 5.2%,{{cite journal |last1=Kivisild |first1=T |last2=Reidla |first2=M |last3=Metspalu |first3=E |last4=Rosa |first4=A |last5=Brehm |first5=A |last6=Pennarun |first6=E |last7=Parik |first7=J |last8=Geberhiwot |first8=T |last9=Usanga |first9=E |last10=Villems |first10=Richard |title=Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=752–70 |year=2004 |pmid=15457403 |pmc=1182106 |doi=10.1086/425161|display-authors=8 }} and 6.9%. Yemen is noted for high haplotype diversity within the population.

Elsewhere in the Near East, prevalence of N1a is lower. A 2008 article cited population frequencies of 1.1% in Qatar, 0.3% in Iran, and 0.2% in Turkey.

N1a is a rare haplogroup that currently appears in only 0.2% of European populations. Pockets of higher frequencies exist such as in Croatia where 0.7% of mainland Croatians,{{cite journal |first1=Marijana |last1=Pericić |first2=Lovorka |last2=Barać |last3=Lauc |first3=Irena Martinović |last4=Klarić |first4=Branka |last5=Janićijević |first5=Pavao |last6=Rudan |title=Review of Croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages |pmid=16100752 |year=2005 |pages=502–13 |issue=4 |volume=46 |journal=Croatian Medical Journal |url=http://www.cmj.hr/2005/46/4/16100752.pdf}} 9.24% of the population on the island of Cres,{{cite journal |last1=Jeran |first1=N |last2=Havas Augustin |first2=D |last3=Grahovac |first3=B |last4=Kapović |first4=M |last5=Metspalu |first5=E |last6=Villems |first6=R |last7=Rudan |first7=P |title=Mitochondrial DNA heritage of Cres Islanders--example of Croatian genetic outliers |journal=Collegium Antropologicum |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=1323–8 |year=2009 |pmid=20102088}} and 1.9% of the population on the island of Brač are members of N1a. In the Volga-Ural region of Russia, N1a is most prominent in the Komi-Permyaks (9.5%) followed by the Bashkirs (3.6%), Chuvash (1.8%), and Tatars (0.4%).{{cite journal |pages=802–12 |last1=Bermisheva |title=Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region |year=2002 |volume=36 |journal=Molecular Biology |doi=10.1023/A:1021677708482 |first1=M. A. |last2=Tambets |first2=K. |last3=Villems |first3=R. |last4=Khusnutdinova |first4=E. K. |url=http://www.ebc.ee/EVOLUTSIOON/publications/Bermisheva2002.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122140112/http://www.ebc.ee/EVOLUTSIOON/publications/Bermisheva2002.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-11-22 |issue=6 |s2cid=16959586 }} In another study of Volga Tatars, haplogroup N1a was found in 1.6% (2/126) of a sample of Mishar Tatars from Buinsk in western Tatarstan (1/126 N1a1a1a1, 1/126 N1a3a3), but it was not observed in a sample of 71 Kazan Tatars from Aznakayevo in eastern Tatarstan, yielding an overall figure of 1.0% N1a (2/197) among Volga Tatars.{{cite journal | vauthors = Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Denisova G | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 6| pages = 539–546 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x | pmid = 20726964 | s2cid = 40763875 | doi-access = free }} Russia as a whole has a frequency of 0.7%.

{{Cite journal | last1 = Malyarchuk | first1 = Boris | last2 = Derenko | first2 = Miroslava | last3 = Denisova | first3 = Galina | last4 = Kravtsova | first4 = Olga | title = Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 27 | issue = 10 | pages = 2220–6 | date = 10 May 2010 | issn = 0737-4038 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msq065 | pmid = 20457583| doi-access = free }}

A study of 542 individuals in Portugal found an N1a frequency of 0.37%. Only 0.11% of individuals analyzed in Scotland were members of the haplogroup.{{cite journal |first1=Ana M. |last1=González |first2=Antonio |last2=Brehm |first3=José A. |last3=Pérez |first4=Nicole |last4=Maca-Meyer |first5=Carlos |last5=Flores |first6=Vicente M. |last6=Cabrera |title=Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=391–404 |year=2003 |pmid=12627534 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10168}}

Analysis of modern Siberian populations revealed a 1.2% prevalence in Altaians, 0.2% in the Buryats,{{cite journal |last1=Derenko |first1=M |last2=Malyarchuk |first2=B |last3=Grzybowski |first3=T |last4=Denisova |first4=G |last5=Dambueva |first5=I |last6=Perkova |first6=M |last7=Dorzhu |first7=C |last8=Luzina |first8=F |last9=Lee |first9=H |last10=Vanecek |first10=Tomas |last11=Villems |first11=Richard |last12=Zakharov |first12=Ilia |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=1025–41 |year=2007 |pmid=17924343 |pmc=2265662 |doi=10.1086/522933|display-authors=8 }} and 0.9% in the Khanty people.{{cite journal |last1=Pimenoff |first1=Ville N |last2=Comas |first2=David |last3=Palo |first3=Jukka U |last4=Vershubsky |first4=Galina |last5=Kozlov |first5=Andrew |last6=Sajantila |first6=Antti |title=Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=1254–64 |year=2008 |pmid=18506205 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.101|s2cid=19488203 |doi-access=free }}

In India, N1a was identified in 4 members of the Havik group, 2 members from Andhra Pradesh, 2 members from West Bengal and 1 member from Tamil Nadu. The members of the Havik group belong to the African/South Asian branch while one member from Andhra Pradesh and others from West Bengal and Tamil Nadu belong to the European Branch.

Haplogroup N1a1 has been observed in 2.9% (4/138) of a sample of Kyrgyz from Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.Guo, Y.; Xia, Z.; Cui, W.; Chen, C.; Jin, X.; Zhu, B. Joint Genetic Analyses of Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosome Molecular Markers for a Population from Northwest China. Genes 2020, 11, 564. doi:10.3390/genes11050564

N1a is concentrated among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa, occurring in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia and Sudan. The clade also occurs at very low frequencies among a few neighboring groups due to historical interactions.{{cite web|last1=Mohamed|first1=Hisham Yousif Hassan|title=Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan|url=http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Khartoum|access-date=16 April 2016|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110063820/http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/handle/123456789/6376/restricted-resource?bitstreamId=11199|url-status=dead}} In Sudan, it is found among the Arakien (5.9%) and Nubians (3.4%). In Ethiopia, 2.2% of the population are N1a carriers, with the haplogroup identified amongst Semitic speakers. In Egypt, N1a has been observed in 0.8% of inhabitants. In Kenya, the haplogroup is carried by around 10% of the Cushitic-speaking Rendille, as well as 1% of the Maasai.

{{Cite journal| last1 = Castrì | first1 = Loredana | last2 = Garagnani | first2 = Paolo | last3 = Useli | first3 = Antonella | last4 = Pettener | first4 = Davide | last5 = Luiselli | first5 = Donata | title = Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa | journal = Journal of Anthropological Sciences | volume = 86 | pages = 189–92 | year = 2008 | url = http://www.isita-org.com/jass/Contents/2008%20vol86/12_Castri.pdf | issn = 1827-4765 | access-date = 28 Feb 2011| pmid = 19934476}} Some N1a has also been observed in Tanzania.

Additionally, haplogroup N1a is found among the Socotri (6.2%).{{cite journal|last1=Černý, Viktor|title=Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2009|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–447|url=http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|access-date=14 June 2016|display-authors=etal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125303/http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2016|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|pmid=19012329}}

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup N1a subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

{{cite journal |last1=Van Oven |first1=Mannis |last2=Kayser |first2=Manfred |title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation |journal=Human Mutation |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=E386–94 |year=2009 |pmid=18853457 |doi=10.1002/humu.20921|s2cid=27566749 |doi-access=free }}

• N
• N1'5
• N1
• N1a'c'd'e'I
• N1a'd'e'I
• N1a'e'I
• N1a
• N1a1
• N1a1a
• N1a1a1
• N1a1a1a
• N1a1a2
• N1a1a3
• N1a1b

The tree of N1a has two distinct branches: Africa/South Asia and Europe with a Central Asian subcluster. However, the African branch has members in southern Europe, and the European branch has members in Egypt and the Near East. The Africa/South Asia branch is characterized by the 16147G mutation, whereas the European branch is characterized by 16147A, 3336 and 16320. The Central Asian subcluster is an offshoot of the European branch that is characterized by marker 16189.

Subclade N1a1 is associated with mutation 16147A. Palanichamy calculates N1a1 to have emerged between 8900 and 22400 YBP (Years Before Present). Subclade N1a1a is denoted by marker 16320, and is therefore associated with the European N1a branch. Petraglia estimates that N1a1a arose between 11000 and 25000 YBP.

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic Genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population Genetics
• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

{{MtDNA}}

{{Reflist|2}}

• Mannis van Oven's [https://www.phylotree.org PhyloTree]
• [http://www.mitosearch.org/ mitosearch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225132657/http://www.mitosearch.org/ |date=2011-02-25 }}
• Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/N_genbank_sequences.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup N (including N1a1, N1a1b, N1a1b1)]
• Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/n1a1a_genbank_sequences.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup N1a1a]
• Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/n1a3_genbank_sequences.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup N1a3]
• mitoLEAF's [https://forensicgenomics.github.io/mitoLeaf/nodeInfo.html?nodeId=N1a Haplogroup N1a]
• FamilyTreeDNA's [https://discover.familytreedna.com/mtdna/N1a/classic Mitotree: Haplogroup N1a]

N1a