Haplogroup R0

Haplogroup R0 derives from the macro-haplogroup R. It is an ancestral clade to the R0a subclade and haplogroup HV, and is therefore antecedent to the haplogroups H and V.

R0's greater subclade variety in the Arabian Peninsula suggests that the clade originated in and spread from there.

R0a is believed to have evolved in Ice Age oases in South Arabia around 22,000 years ago. The subclade would then have spread from there with the onset of the Late Glacial period circa 15,000 ybp.

Haplogroup R0 has been found in around 55% of osteological remains belonging to the Eneolithic Trypillia culture.{{cite journal | last1 = Nikitin | first1 = Alexey G. | first2 = Mykhailo P. | last2 = Sokhatsky | first3 = Mykola M. | last3 = Kovaliukh | first4 = Mykhailo Y. | last4 = Videiko | title = Comprehensive Site Chronology and Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analysis from Verteba Cave – a Trypillian Culture Site of Eneolithic Ukraine | journal = Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica - Natural Sciences in Archaeology | issue = 1–2 | pages = 9–18 | publisher = Archaeological Centre Olomouc, Government Funded Organisation | date = 14 April 2011 | doi = 10.24916/iansa.2011.1.1 | url = http://iansa.eu/papers/IANSA-2010-01-02-nikitin.pdf | access-date = 14 May 2013 | doi-access = free }}

The R0 clade has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens at the Taforalt and Afalou prehistoric sites, which date from the Epipaleolithic. Among the Taforalt individuals, around 17% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various R0 subclades, including R0a1a (3/24; 13%) and R0a2c (1/24; 4%). Among the Afalou individuals, one R0a1a haplotype was detected (1/9; 11%).{{cite journal|last1=Kefi, Rym|display-authors=etal|title=On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations|journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part A|year=2018|volume=29|issue=1|pages=147–157|doi=10.1080/24701394.2016.1258406|pmid=28034339|s2cid=4490910}}

R0 has likewise been observed among mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J.|display-authors=etal|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|pmc=5459999|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}

The 3rd century AD Catholic Church Saint, Fortunato of Serracapriola, was also found to carry the R0a'b subclade.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

R0 today occurs commonly in the Arabian peninsula, with its highest frequency observed nearby among the Soqotri (40.7%).{{cite thesis |last=Non |first=Amy |date=2010 |title=Analyses of Genetic Data Within An Interdisciplinary Framework to Investigate Recent Human Evolutionary History and Complex Disease |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of Florida |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/04/19/81/00001/non_a.pdf |access-date=6 April 2023}} The Soqotri also have the greatest R0 subclade diversity.{{cite journal|last1=Černý, Viktor|title=Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2009|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–447|url=http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|access-date=12 June 2016|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|pmid=19012329|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125303/http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2016}} The clade is likewise found at high frequencies among the Kalash in South Asia (23%).{{cite journal | last1 = Quintana-Murci | first1 = Lluís | name-list-style = vanc | year = 2004 | title = Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor. | url = http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/AJHG2004.pdf | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 5 | pages = 827–45 | doi = 10.1086/383236 | pmid = 15077202 | pmc = 1181978 | display-authors = etal | access-date = 2009-08-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091123011512/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/AJHG2004.pdf | archive-date = 2009-11-23 | url-status = dead }} Additionally, moderate frequencies of R0 occur in Northeast Africa, Anatolia, the Iranian Plateau and Dalmatia. The haplogroup has been observed among Chad Arabs (19%),{{cite journal|last1=Cerezo, María|display-authors=etal|title=New insights into the Lake Chad Basin population structure revealed by high-throughput genotyping of mitochondrial DNA coding SNPs|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2011|volume=6|issue=4|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018682|pmid=21533064|page=e18682|pmc=3080428|bibcode=2011PLoSO...618682C|citeseerx=10.1.1.291.8871|doi-access=free}} Sudanese Copts (13.8%),{{cite web|last1=Mohamed|first1=Hisham Yousif Hassan|title=Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan|url=http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Khartoum|access-date=16 April 2016|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110063820/http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/handle/123456789/6376/restricted-resource?bitstreamId=11199|url-status=dead}} Tigrais (13.6%), Somalis (13.3%), Oromos (13.3%), Afar (12.5%), Amhara (11.5%), Gurage (10%), Reguibate Sahrawi (9.26%; 0.93% R0a and 8.33% R0a1a),{{cite journal|author1=Asmahan Bekada |author2=Lara R. Arauna |author3=Tahria Deba |author4=Francesc Calafell |author5=Soraya Benhamamouch |author6=David Comas |title=Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations|journal=PLOS ONE|date=September 24, 2015|volume=10|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|pmid=26402429 |pmc=4581715 |pages=e0138453|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038453B |doi-access=free }}; [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?unique&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453.s007 S5 Table] Gaalien (9%), Beja (8.3%), Nubians (8%), Arakien (5.9%), Yemenis (5.1–27.7%), Iraqis (4.8%), Druze (4.3%), Palestinians (4%), Algerians (1.67%), and Saudis (0–25%).

File:Phylogeny of mtDNA haplogroup R0.png

File:Spatial frequency distribution maps of mtDNA haplogroup R0a.png, with a peak in nearby Socotra (~40%; see observed frequencies above)]]

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R0 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

• R
• R0 (or pre-HV)
• R0a'b – Albania
• R0a (or (pre-HV)1)
• R0a1 or (pre-HV)1a
• R0a1a – Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, Italy
• R0a1a1 – Yemen,{{cite journal|author1=Viktor Černý |author2=Connie J. Mulligan |author3=Verónica Fernandes |display-authors = etal |title=Internal diversification of mitochondrial haplogroup R0a reveals post-last glacial maximum demographic expansions in South Arabia|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|date=January 2011|volume=28|pages=71–78 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq178 |pmid=20643865 }} Tunisia{{GenBank|HM185263.1}}
• R0a1a1a – Yemen (Socotra)
• R0a1a2 – Ethiopia{{GenBank|KP407023.1}}
• R0a1a3
• R0a1a4 – Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq
• R0a1-T152C! – Morocco, Spain
• R0a1b – Arabia
• R0a-60.1T – Italy, Armenians of Turkey,{{GenBank|KX499665.1}} Kalash of Pakistan{{cite journal|author1=Muhammad Hassan Siddiqi |author2=Allah Rakha |author3=Khushbukhat Khan |author4=Tanveer Akhtar |title=Current pool of ultimate collection of mitochondrial DNA from remnants of Kalash |journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part B|date=2021|volume=6 |issue=8 |page=2412 (Table 1) |doi=10.1080/23802359.2021.1952119 |pmid=34345711 |pmc=8284132 }}
• R0a2'3 – Iran, Lebanon
• R0a2 or (pre-HV)1b
• R0a2a – Portugal, Spain, Italy
• R0a2a1 – Italy, Algeria
• R0a2b – Ethiopia{{cite journal|author1=Francesca Gandini |author2=Alessandro Achilli |author3=Maria Pala |author4=Martin Bodner |author5=Stefania Brandini |author6=Gabriela Huber |author7=Balazs Egyed |author8=Luca Ferretti |author9=Alberto Gómez-Carballa |author10=Antonio Salas |author11=Rosaria Scozzari |author12=Fulvio Cruciani |author13=Alfredo Coppa |author14=Walther Parson |author15=Ornella Semino |author16=Pedro Soares |author17=Antonio Torroni |author18=Martin B. Richards |author19=Anna Olivieri |title=Mapping human dispersals into the Horn of Africa from Arabian Ice Age refugia using mitogenomes|journal=Scientific Reports|date=5 May 2016|volume=6|doi=10.1038/srep25472|pages=25472 |pmid=27146119 |pmc=4857117|bibcode=2016NatSR...625472G }}
• R0a2c – Saudi Arabia,{{GenBank|KM245132.1}} Qatar, Kuwait, Yemenite Jews
• R0a2d
• R0a2e
• R0a2f – Arabs from Chad, United Arab Emirates,{{cite journal|author1=Fatma A. Aljasmi |author2=Ranjit Vijayan |author3=Naganeeswaran Sudalaimuthuasari |author4=Abdul-Kader Souid |display-authors = etal |title=Genomic Landscape of the Mitochondrial Genome in the United Arab Emirates Native Population |journal=Genes |date=August 2020 |volume=11 | issue=8 |page=876 | doi=10.3390/genes11080876 |pmid=32752197 |pmc=7464197 |doi-access=free }} Saudi Arabia
• R0a2f1
• R0a2f1a – Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
• R0a2f1b – Yemen, United Arab Emirates
• R0a2g
• R0a2g1
• R0a2g1a
• R0a2g1a1 – Saho of Eritrea,{{GenBank|KP407060.1}} Amhara of Ethiopia{{GenBank|KP407059.1}}
• R0a2h – United Arab Emirates{{cite journal|author1=Fatma A. Aljasmi |author2=Ranjit Vijayan |author3=Naganeeswaran Sudalaimuthuasari |author4=Abdul-Kader Souid |display-authors = etal |title=Genomic Landscape of the Mitochondrial Genome in the United Arab Emirates Native Population |journal=Genes |date=August 2020 |volume=11 |issue=8 |page=876 | doi=10.3390/genes11080876 |pmid=32752197 |pmc=7464197 |doi-access=free }}
• R0a2h1 – Afar of Eritrea{{GenBank|KP407061.1}}
• R0a2i – Yemen{{GenBank|HM185243.1}}
• R0a2-T195C! – Saudi Arabia
• R0a2j – Yemen,{{GenBank|HM185246.1}} Oman, United Arab Emirates
• R0a2k – Sardinia{{GenBank|KY410137.1}}
• R0a2k1 – Saudi Arabia, Yemen
• R0a2l – Yemen{{GenBank|HM185244.1}}
• R0a2m – Ashkenazi Jews,{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=86|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}} Xueta of Spain,{{cite journal|author1=Joana F. Ferragut |author2=Cristian Ramon |author3=Jose A. Castro |author4=António Amorim |author5=L. Alvarez |author6=A. Picornell |title=Middle Eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas |journal=Scientific Reports |date=8 December 2020 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=21428 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-78487-9 |pmid=33293675 |pmc=7722846 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1021428F |hdl=10216/145245 |hdl-access=free }} Gitanos of Spain,{{GenBank|ON155501.1}} Mexico,{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=87|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}} Ecuador,{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|pages=86–87|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}}{{GenBank|OR678686.1}} Morocco{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=87|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}}
• R0a2n – Druze of Lebanon,{{GenBank|KP407062.1}} Assyrians,{{GenBank|MK217175.1}} Italy, Balti of Pakistan{{cite journal|author1=Khushbukhat Khan |author2=Muhammad Hassan Siddiqi |display-authors = etal |title=Mitochondrial DNA control region variants analysis in Balti population of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan |journal=Meta Gene |date=February 2020 |volume=23 |doi=10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100630 |s2cid=209561126 }}
• R0a2q – Oromo of Kenya,{{GenBank|KP407063.1}} Saho of Eritrea{{GenBank|KP407064.1}}
• R0a2r – Southern Europe (Romania, Bulgaria), Druze
• R0a3 – Yemen,{{GenBank|HM185223.1}} Persians{{GenBank|KC911556.1}}
• R0a3a – Lebanon,{{GenBank|KY797195.1}} Yemen{{GenBank|KP407075.1}}
• R0a4 – Spain, Portugal, Ashkenazi Jews,{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|pages=88–89|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}} Iraq
• R0b – Italy,{{GenBank|KT272407.1}} Azerbaijan{{GenBank|KT272406.1}}
• HV
• HV0
• HV0a
• V
• H

{{Commons category|Haplogroup R0 (mtDNA)}}

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population genetics

{{MtDNA}}

{{Reflist|2}}

• General
• Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/haplogroup_select.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site]
• Mannis van Oven's [http://www.phylotree.org PhyloTree]
• Haplogroup R0
• mitoLEAF's [https://forensicgenomics.github.io/mitoLeaf/nodeInfo.html?nodeId=R0 Haplogroup R0]
• YFull MTree's [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/R0/ Haplogroup R0]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320202512/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm022 Spread of Haplogroup pre-HV], from National Geographic

R0

Category:South Arabia