Happisburgh Lighthouse

File:Haisborough Lighthouse 1797.jpg

The building was constructed in 1790 by the Corporation of Trinity House as one of a pair of lights ("High Lighthouse" and "Low Lighthouse"){{Cite web|url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/mapsheet.aspx?compid=55129&sheetid=5983&ox=2925&oy=2631&zm=2&czm=2&x=393&y=277|title = Map of Norfolk|website = British History Online|access-date = 2016-04-13}} and worked with the Newarp Lightvessel to guide mariners around the southern edge of the offshore Haisborough Sands. The light came from Argand lamps (there were 13 lamps in each lighthouse, each placed in front of a polished reflector).

In 1868 the lantern stage (the top-most part of the tower) was replaced with the then-innovative diagonally-framed glass structure seen today. Following this, the rows of lamps and reflectors were replaced in each lighthouse by a single multi-wick lamp and a large (first-order) catadioptric lens designed by Chance Brothers of Smethwick.

In 1871 Happisburgh's lighthouses were used for a series of trials comparing a Douglass 4-wick oil light (displayed from the low lighthouse) with a Wigham 108-jet gas light (displayed from the high lighthouse) both using the same optics;{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=George H. |title=European Light-House Systems |date=1875 |publisher=Lockwood & co. |location=London |pages=104–113 |url=http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv38f8413f |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029210746/http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv38f8413f |url-status=dead }} the experiments (which tested rival claims made by the principal advocates of these forms of illumination, James Nicholas Douglass and John Richardson Wigham respectively) were not conclusive and further trials later took place at South Foreland.

In order to provide a supply of coal gas for the lamp, a small gas works was established alongside the high lighthouse; the gas was manufactured using cannel coal and stored in a pair of gas holders situated behind the lighthouse. In 1872, the trial having concluded, it was decided to retain gas as the illuminant for the high lighthouse. Beyond Happisburgh, however, Trinity House did not adopt gas as an illuminant for its lighthouses.

The low light was decommissioned and demolished in 1884 before it could be lost due to coastal erosion; its lantern and lens were reused at Southwold lighthouse.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/content/articles/2005/07/02/coast05walks_stage2.shtml Point 2 - The Lighthouse], BBC Suffolk. Retrieved 2012-10-29. The demolition of the low light led to the High Light being repainted with red bands, so as to differentiate it more clearly from the lighthouse at Winterton; at the same time it was also provided with an occulting mechanism to differentiate the light itself.

The light source was changed to paraffin in 1904, and then to an unwatched acetylene system in 1929; this meant that there was no further need for keepers to be permanently accommodated on site, and the keepers' cottages were then sold.{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Happisburgh Lighthouse |url=http://www.happisburgh.org/lighthouse/history |website=Happisburgh Village Website |access-date=24 February 2019}} In 1947 the light was electrified and given a new group flashing characteristic: three flashes every 30 seconds.

The tower is {{convert|85|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} tall, putting the lantern at {{convert|134|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} above sea level."Lighthouses of the World & Fog Signals" - Alexander Finlay, Richard Holmes

Laurie, 1888 The lighthouse is painted white with three red bands and has a light characteristic of Fl(3)30s (three white flashes, repeated every 30 seconds) at a height of {{convert|135|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} with a range of {{convert|14|mi|km|1}}.{{Cite web|url = http://www.happisburgh.org/lighthouse|title = Happisburgh Lighthouse|website = Happisburgh Village Website|access-date = 2016-04-13}} It continues to use the optic installed in 1868.

The other lighthouse - the "low light" - was {{convert|20|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} lower. Together they formed a pair of range lights that marked a safe passage around the southern end of the offshore Haisborough Sands {{convert|8|mi|km|1}} to a stretch of safe waters known as 'The Would'.[http://www.happisburgh.org/content/view/12/26/ Happisburgh Village Website – History of Happisburgh Lighthouse] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905123230/http://www.happisburgh.org/content/view/12/26/ |date=5 September 2008 }}

In 1987 Happisburgh was one of five lighthouses declared redundant by Trinity House and deactivation was planned for June 1988. Villagers organised a petition to oppose the closure, and as a result the date was postponed. Under the Merchant Shipping Act of 1894,[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1894/pdf/ukpga_18940060_en.pdf Merchant Shipping Act of 1894, part XI (p. 260 of the PDF version)] Trinity House may dispose of a working lighthouse only to an established Lighthouse Authority. On 25 April 1990 the Happisburgh Lighthouse Act[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1894/cukpga_18940060_en_1 Happisburgh Lighthouse Act as annotation C9 modification of Merchant Shipping Act of 1894] received the Royal Assent establishing the Happisburgh Lighthouse Trust as a Local Lighthouse Authority, and Happisburgh became the only independently run operational lighthouse in Great Britain.

In June 2018, the lighthouse was repainted. At a cost of £20,000, the work took two weeks by a specialist team of four painters. The 300 litres of specially mixed masonry paints used was donated by a paint company. Friends of Happisburgh Lighthouse, said: “The re-paint demonstrates our continuing commitment to maintaining Happisburgh lighthouse for future generations.”{{cite web |url= https://www.northnorfolknews.co.uk/news/chance-to-see-stunning-happisburgh-lighthouse-in-norfolk-after-its-recent-repaint-1-5610096 |title= Visitors can see stunning new look Happisburgh Lighthouse at open day |publisher= Archant |date= 17 July 2018 |website= Archant |access-date= 7 July 2020 |archive-date= 10 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200710122025/https://www.northnorfolknews.co.uk/news/chance-to-see-stunning-happisburgh-lighthouse-in-norfolk-after-its-recent-repaint-1-5610096 |url-status= dead }}

Due to COVID-19, the Lighthouse did not open to visitors in 2020.

• In 1990, the lighthouse featured in an episode of the BBC TV programme Challenge Anneka. The lighthouse was repainted inside and out in 33 hours on 30–31 August 1990, with the programme airing on 15 December 1990.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
• The lighthouse was used as the location for the video of Ellie Goulding's 2010 song "The Writer".{{cite web |url=http://www.news-de-stars.com/musique/the-writer-prochain-single-d-ellie-goulding_mrm90085.html |title=The Writer... prochain single d'Ellie Goulding. |publisher=news-de-stars.com |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=3 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713022948/http://www.news-de-stars.com/musique/the-writer-prochain-single-d-ellie-goulding_mrm90085.html |archive-date=13 July 2010 }}
• It features prominently in the 2015 horror film AfterDeath, its beam causing terrifying flashbacks.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

File:Haisboro Sands.jpg|The location of Haisborough Sands off the Norfolk coast

File:Happisburgh Lighthouse - geograph.org.uk - 62299.jpg|The lighthouse

File:Happisbugh Lighthouse lantern.jpg|The lantern inside the lighthouse

{{Portal|Engineering}}

• List of lighthouses in England

• {{Cite book

| last = Price Edwards

| first = E.

| title = Lighthouse(1884)

| publisher = BiblioBazaar

| year = 2010

| isbn = 978-1-146-41637-5 }}

• {{Cite book

| last = Golding CBE

| first = Capt. Thomas

| title = Trinity House from Within

| publisher = private printing

| year = 1929

}}

• {{cite book |last = Hague| first = Douglas B.|author2=Christie, Rosemary |title= Lighthouses - Their Architecture, History and Archaeology|publisher= Llandysul : Gomer Press|year= 1975|isbn= 0-85088-324-5 }}
• {{Cite book

| last = Long

| first = Neville

| title = Lights of East Anglia

| publisher = Terence Dalton Ltd.

| year = 1983

| isbn = 0-86138-029-0}}

• {{Cite book

| last = Stevenson

| first = D. Alan

| title = The World's Lighthouses Before 1820

| publisher = Oxford University Press

| year = 1959

}}

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Commons category|Happisburgh Lighthouse}}

• [http://happisburgh.org.uk/lighthouse/history/ Happisburgh Lighthouse website]
• [http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk Trinity House Lighthouse Service]
• [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/mapsheet.aspx?compid=55129&sheetid=5983&ox=2925&oy=2631&zm=2&czm=2&x=393&y=277 An 1892 OS map, showing both the Happisburgh lighthouses] ('England - Norfolk: 030/NW', Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 - Epoch 1 (1892)). Date accessed: 28 August 2010

{{Lighthouses and navigational systems in Norfolk}}

{{Lighthouses in England}}

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Category:Lighthouses completed in 1790

Category:Towers completed in 1790

Category:Lighthouses in Norfolk

Category:History of Norfolk

Category:North Norfolk

Category:1790 establishments in England

Category:Grade II listed lighthouses

Category:Grade II listed buildings in Norfolk