Haptic perception

The term haptik was coined by the German Psychologist Max Dessoir in 1892, when suggesting a name for academic research into the sense of touch in the style of that in "acoustics" and "optics".Dessoir, M. (1892). Über den Hautsinn. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., 175–339.Grunwald, M. & John, M. (2008). German pioneers of research into human haptic perception. In M. Grunwald (Ed.), Human Haptic Perception (pp. 15–39). Basel, Boston, Berlin: Birkhäuser.

Gibson (1966){{cite book |last=Gibson |first=J.J. |year=1966 |title=The senses considered as perceptual systems. |url=https://archive.org/details/sensesconsidered00jame |url-access=registration |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=0-313-23961-4}} defined the haptic system as "[t]he sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body". Gibson and others further emphasized what Weber had realized in 1851: the close interdependence of haptic perception and body movement, and that haptic perception is active exploration.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

The concept of haptic perception is related to the concept of extended physiological proprioception, according to which when a tool such as a stick is used, perceptual experience is transparently transferred to the end of the tool.{{Cite web|url=http://www.7senses.org.au/portfolio_item/proprioception/|title=PROPRIOCEPTION {{!}} 7 Senses Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-14}}

Haptic perception relies on the forces experienced during touch.{{Cite web |url=http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf |title=Robles-De-La-Torre & Hayward. Force Can Overcome Object Geometry In the perception of Shape Through Active Touch. Nature 412 (6845):445-8 (2001). |access-date=2008-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225801/http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-03 |url-status=dead }} This research allows the creation of "virtual", illusory haptic shapes with different perceived qualities,[http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17363&ch=biotech&sc=&pg=1 "The Cutting edge of haptics"] which has clear application in haptic technology.[http://www.isfh.org/GR-Principles_Haptic_Percept_VE.pdf Robles-De-La-Torre G. Principles of Haptic Perception in Virtual Environments. In Grunwald M (Ed.), Human Haptic Perception, Birkhäuser Verlag, 2008.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726191736/http://www.isfh.org/GR-Principles_Haptic_Percept_VE.pdf |date=1293

1-07-26 }}

People can rapidly and accurately identify three-dimensional objects by touch.{{cite journal |vauthors=Klatzky RL, Lederman SJ, Metzger VA |year=1985 |title=Identifying objects by touch: An "expert system." |journal=Perception & Psychophysics |issue = 4 |pages=299–302 |doi=10.3758/BF03211351 |volume=37|doi-access=free |pmid=4034346 }} They do so through the use of exploratory procedures, such as moving the fingers over the outer surface of the object or holding the entire object in the hand.{{cite journal |vauthors=Lederman SJ, Klatzky RL |year=1987 |title=Hand movements: A window into haptic object recognition |journal=Cognitive Psychology |issue=3 |pages=342–368 |pmid=3608405 |volume=19 |doi=10.1016/0010-0285(87)90008-9|s2cid=3157751 }}

The following exploratory procedures have been identified so far:

1. Lateral motion
2. Pressure
3. Enclosure
4. Contour following

Thus gathered object or subject properties are size, weight, contour, surface and material characteristics, consistency and temperature. Along with the development of tactile sensors, some work has also been dedicated to developing exploratory behavior in robots.{{cite journal|title= Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array|year=2020 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0226880 |pmid=31896135 |doi-access=free |last1=Fleer |first1=S. |last2=Moringen |first2=A. |last3=Klatzky |first3=R. L. |last4=Ritter |first4=H. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=e0226880 |pmc=6940144 |arxiv=1902.07501 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1526880F }}

Perceptual deadband is a region which captures perceptual limitations of human perception.{{Cite book|title=Kinesthetic perception : a machine learning approach|last=Chaudhuri, Subhasis, author.|isbn=978-981-10-6691-7|oclc=1002015744|date = 2017-11-09}} The Weber fraction and the level crossings constant{{Cite journal|last1=Bhardwaj|first1=Amit|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Subhasis|last3=Dabeer|first3=Onkar|date=2014-12-08|title=Design and Analysis of Predictive Sampling of Haptic Signals|journal=ACM Transactions on Applied Perception|volume=11|issue=4|pages=1–20|doi=10.1145/2670533|s2cid=18524110|issn=1544-3558}} are employed to define the perceptual deadband for haptic force stimulus. The deadband has an important application in designing perceptually adaptive sampling mechanisms for haptic data compression,{{Cite journal|last1=Steinbach|first1=E.|last2=Strese|first2=M.|last3=Eid|first3=M.|last4=Liu|first4=X.|last5=Bhardwaj|first5=A.|last6=Liu|first6=Q.|last7=Al-Ja’afreh|first7=M.|last8=Mahmoodi|first8=T.|last9=Hassen|first9=R.|last10=Saddik|first10=A. El|last11=Holland|first11=O.|date=February 2019|title=Haptic Codecs for the Tactile Internet|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|volume=107|issue=2|pages=447–470|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2018.2867835|s2cid=52541254|issn=1558-2256|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/haptic-codecs-for-the-tactile-internet40pt(5d9a113a-ec68-4c11-bc00-680a9fd88751).html}} which is required for transmitting haptic data over a communication network.

There are many factors which affect the possible shapes of the perceptual deadband, for example:

1. Rate of change of force stimulus:{{Citation|last1=Bhardwaj|first1=Amit|title=Does Just Noticeable Difference Depend on the Rate of Change of Kinesthetic Force Stimulus?|date=2014|work=Haptics: Neuroscience, Devices, Modeling, and Applications|pages=40–47|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-662-44192-3|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Subhasis|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-44193-0_6}} The Weber fraction or level crossings constant decrease for a faster change in the force stimulus.
2. Temporal resolution:{{Cite book|last1=Bhardwaj|first1=Amit|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Subhasis|title=2015 IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC) |chapter=Estimation of resolvability of user response in kinesthetic perception of jump discontinuities |date=June 2015|pages=482–487|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/whc.2015.7177758|isbn=978-1-4799-6624-0|s2cid=756663}} It is defined as the minimum time spacing required in perceiving two consecutive force samples.
3. Directional sensitivity:{{Citation|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Subhasis|title=Deadzone Analysis of 2-D Kinesthetic Perception|date=2017-10-27|work=Studies in Computational Intelligence|pages=55–68|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-10-6691-7|last2=Bhardwaj|first2=Amit|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6692-4_4}} The study claims that the Weber fraction is a function of only the force magnitude, not the direction.
4. Task being performed: discriminative or comparative A user is more sensitive while doing a comparative task than a discriminative task. It is because one has to perceive changes only along one direction under the comparative task. All this signifies that the perceptual deadband is a function of the task to be carried out.

File:Exo-Skin Soft Haptic exoskeletal interface DSCF2171.jpg

Haptic sensitivity can be impaired by a multitude of diseases and disorders, predominantly relating to skin injuries such as cuts and burns, and nerve lesions (through injury or impaired circulation). Additionally, loss of sensitivity (neuropathy) may be caused by metabolic, toxic and/or immunologic factors. Examples of medical conditions that can cause neuropathies are diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, thyroid dysfunction (hyper- and hypothyroidism) as well as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and alcohol dependency. Autism, sensory processing disorder, etc. can also affect haptic sensitivity.

Loss of the sense of touch is a catastrophic deficit that can impair walking and other skilled actions such as holding objects or using tools.

Immersive environments can recreate the feeling of haptic interaction.{{cite book|last1=Koerner|first1=Michael|last2=Wait|first2=Eric|last3=Winter|first3=Mark|last4=Bjornsson|first4=Chris|last5=Kokovay|first5=Erzsebet|last6=Wang|first6=Yue|last7=Goderie|first7=Susan K.|last8=Temple|first8=Sally|last9=Cohen|first9=Andrew R.|title=2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society |chapter=Multisensory interface for 5D stem cell image volumes |date= August 2014|pages=1178–1181|doi=10.1109/EMBC.2014.6943806|pmc=4321857|pmid=25570174|volume=2014|isbn=978-1-4244-7929-0}} Exoskeletal gloves such as the Exo-Skin Soft Haptic exoskeletal interface, developed at Drexel University, can be programmed to take a patient through a program of physical therapy exercises to retrain muscles and senses.{{cite web|last1=Koerner|first1=M.|last2=Fedorczyk|first2=J.|last3=Cohen|first3=A .|last4=Dion|first4=G.|title=Design and Implementation of the Exo - Skin Soft Robotic Rehabilitation Exoskeleton|url=https://provost.moss.drexel.edu/ora/researchday/abstracts/12243-Koerner.pdf|website=Drexel University|access-date=10 May 2017}}

• Haptic communication
• Haptic technology
• Somatosensory system

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Grunwald, M. (Ed., 2008). Human haptic perception - Basics and Applications. Basel/Boston/Berlin: Birkhaeuser. {{ISBN|978-3-7643-7611-6}}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Lederman | first1 = S. J. | last2 = Klatzky | first2 = R. L. | year = 1990 | title = Haptic classification of common objects: Knowledge-driven exploration | journal = Cognitive Psychology | volume = 22 | issue = 4| pages = 421–459 | doi=10.1016/0010-0285(90)90009-s| pmid = 2253454 | s2cid = 6619282 }}
• Montagu, A. (1971). Touching: The human significance of the skin. Oxford, England: Columbia U. Press.

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Category:Perception

Category:Somatosensory system