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Harari language

{{short description|Semitic language of eastern Ethiopia}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Harari

| nativename = {{lang|har|ሀረሪ}} ({{tlit|har|hăräri}})

| states = Ethiopia

| ethnicity = {{sigfig|31,700|2}} Harari (2007 census)

| region = Harari Region

| speakers = L1: {{sigfig|27,260|2}}

| ref = {{e27|har|Harari}}[http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/regional/CountryLevel.pdf Ethiopia 2007 Census, p. 115]{{Cite web|publisher=Government of Canada|author=2021 Census of Canada|title=Statistics Canada 2021|date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|access-date=24 February 2024}}
L2: {{sigfig|8,320|2}}

| speakers_label = Speakers

| date = 2007 census

| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic

| fam2 = Semitic

| fam3 = West Semitic

| fam4 = South Semitic

| fam5 = Ethiopic

| fam6 = South

| fam7 = Transversal

| fam8 = Harari–East Gurage

| ancestor = Old Harari

| ancestor2 = Middle Harari

| script = Geʽez script,

Latin Alphabet, Arabic alphabet

| iso3 = har

| glotto = hara1271

| glottorefname = Harari

| image = Kitāb Al Farā'id- ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ʻArāshī et al- Harari Legal Manuscript 18th Century.png

| imagecaption = 18th century manuscript in the Harari language; titled Kitāb Al Farā'id

}}Harari is an Ethio-Semitic language spoken by the Harari people of Ethiopia. Old Harari is a literary language of the city of Harar, a central hub of Islam in Horn of Africa.{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2024 |title=himml - Sherif Harar City Museum Manuscripts |url=https://www.vhmml.org/readingRoom/view/530018# |access-date=October 31, 2024}} According to the 2007 Ethiopian census, it is spoken by 25,810 people. Harari is closely related to the Eastern Gurage languages, Zay, and Siltʼe, all of whom are believed to be linked to the now extinct Semitic Harla language.{{cite book|last1=Gebissa|first1=Eziekel|title=Leaf of Allah|publisher=Ohio State University|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ga91oPVFb5MC&q=semitic-speaking+harla+an+autochthonous&pg=PA36|access-date=27 June 2016|isbn=9780852554807|year=2004}}{{cite book|last1=Braukhamper|first1=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia|publisher=LITverlag|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&q=harala+semitic+harar&pg=PA18|access-date=27 June 2016|isbn=9783825856717|year=2002}} Locals or natives of Harar refer to their language as {{lang|har|Gēy Sinan}} or {{lang|har|Gēy Ritma}} {{gloss|language of the City}} ({{lang|har|Gēy}} is the word for how Harari speakers refer to the city of Harar, whose name is an exonym).{{sfn|Leslau|1959|p=276}} According to Wolf Leslau, Sidama is the substratum language of Harari and influenced the vocabulary greatly.{{sfn|Leslau|1959|p=290}} He identified unique Cushitic loanwords found only in Harari and deduced that it may have Cushitic roots.{{sfn|Leslau|1959|pp=290–291}}

Harari was originally written with a version of the Arabic script, then the Ethiopic script was adopted to write the language. Some Harari speakers in diaspora write their language with the Latin alphabet.

Phonology

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Harari consonants

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Labial

! rowspan="2" |Dental

! colspan="2" |Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |Post-alv./

Palatal

! rowspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Uvular

! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

style="font-size: 100%;"

!plain

!emphatic

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|

|{{IPA link|n}}

|

|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|

|

|

|

rowspan="3" |Stop

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p}}

|

|{{IPA link|t̪|t}}

|

|{{IPA link|tʃ}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

|{{IPA link|q}}

|

|{{IPA link|ʔ}}

voiced

|{{IPA link|b}}

|

|{{IPA link|d̪|d}}

|{{IPA link|dˤ}}

|{{IPA link|dʒ}}

|{{IPA link|ɡ}}

|

|

|

ejective

|

|

|{{IPA link|t’}}

|

|{{IPA link|tʃ’}}

|{{IPA link|k’}}

|

|

|

rowspan="2" |Fricative

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|f}}

|{{IPA link|θ}}

|{{IPA link|s̪|s}}

|{{IPA link|sˤ}}

|{{IPA link|ʃ}}

|{{IPA link|x}}

|

|{{IPA link|ħ}}

|{{IPA link|h}}

voiced

|{{IPA link|v}}

|{{IPA link|ð}}

|{{IPA link|z̪|z}}

|{{IPA link|zˁ}}

|{{IPA link|ʒ}}

|{{IPA link|ɣ}}

|

|{{IPA link|ʕ}}

|

colspan="2" |Trill

|

|

|{{IPA link|r}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|

|{{IPA link|j}}

|{{IPA link|w}}

|

|

|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Harari vowels

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Front

! rowspan="2" |Central

! colspan="2" |Back

short

!long

!short

!long

style="text-align: center;"

!Close

|{{IPA link|ɪ}}

|{{IPA link|iː}}

|{{IPA link|ɨ}}

|{{IPA link|ʊ}}

|{{IPA link|uː}}

style="text-align: center;"

!Mid

|{{IPA link|e}}

|{{IPA link|eː}}

|

|{{IPA link|o}}

|{{IPA link|oː}}

style="text-align: center;"

!Open

|{{IPA link|æ}}

|

|{{IPA link|aː}}

|

|

Grammar

=Nouns=

==Number==

Wolf Leslau discusses Harari–East Gurage phonology and grammar:{{cite book|last=Leslau|first=Wolf|author-link=Wolf Leslau|title=Zway Ethiopic Documents: Grammar and Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BA46Gu0X3wC|year=1999|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04162-1}}

The noun has two numbers, singular and plural. The affix {{lang|har|-ač}} changes singulars into plurals:

: {{lang|har|abōč}} {{gloss|a man}}; {{lang|har|abōčač}} {{gloss|men}}

: {{lang|har|wandaq}} {{gloss|a servant}}; {{lang|har|wandaqač}} {{gloss|servants}}

: {{lang|har|gar}} {{gloss|a house}}; {{lang|har|garač}} {{gloss|houses}}

Nouns ending in a or i become plural without reduplicating this letter:

: {{lang|har|gafa}} {{gloss|a slave}}; {{lang|har|gafač}} {{gloss|slaves}}

: {{lang|har|gubna}} {{gloss|a harlot}}; {{lang|har|gubnač}} {{gloss|harlots}}

: {{lang|har|liği}} {{gloss|a son}}; {{lang|har|liğiyač}} {{gloss|sons}}

: {{lang|har|qabri}} {{gloss|a grave}}; {{lang|har|qabriyač}} {{gloss|graves}}

/s/ alternates with /z/:

: {{lang|har|färäz}} {{gloss|a horse}}; {{lang|har|färäzač}} {{gloss|horses}}

: {{lang|har|iraaz}} {{gloss|toga}}; {{lang|har|iraazač}} {{gloss|togas}}

==Gender==

Masculine nouns may be converted into feminines by three processes. The first changes the terminal vowel into {{lang|har|-it}}, or adds {{lang|har|-it}} to the terminal consonant:

: {{lang|har|rágá}} {{gloss|an old man}}; {{lang|har|rágít}} {{gloss|an old woman}}

: {{lang|har|buchí}} {{gloss|male dog}}; {{lang|har|buchít}} {{gloss|female dog}}

: {{lang|har|wasíf}} {{gloss|a slave boy}}; {{lang|har|wasífít}} {{gloss|a slave girl}}

Animals of different sexes have different names. and this forms the second process:

: {{lang|har|bárá}} {{gloss|an ox}}; {{lang|har|lám}} {{gloss|a cow}}

The third and the most common way of expressing sex is by means of {{lang|har|korma}} {{gloss|male or man}} and {{lang|har|inistí}} {{gloss|woman, female}}, corresponding to English "he-" and "she-":

: {{lang|har|korma faraz}} {{gloss|a stallion}}; {{lang|har|inistí faraz}} {{gloss|a mare}}

: {{lang|har|korma baqal}} {{gloss|a he-mule}}; {{lang|har|inistí basal}} {{gloss|a she-mule}}

=Pronouns=

class="wikitable"
rowspan="3" | English

! rowspan="3" | Independent

! colspan="3" | Object pronoun suffixes

! rowspan="3" | Possessive
suffixes

rowspan="2" | Direct

! colspan="2" | Prepositional

Benefactive

! Locative/adversative

I

|{{lang|am|ኣን}}
an

(ä/ǝ)ñ
(ǝ)llǝñ
(ǝ)bbǝñ
(y)e
you (m. sg.)

|{{lang|am|አኻኽ}}
äkhakh

(ǝ)h
(ǝ)llǝh
(ǝ)bbǝh
(ǝ)h
you (f. sg.)

|{{lang|am|አኻሽ}}
akhâsh

(ǝ)š
(ǝ)llǝš
(ǝ)bbǝš
(ǝ)š
you (polite/formal)

|{{lang|am|አኻኹ}}
akhâkhu

(ǝ)wo(t)
(ǝ)llǝwo(t)
(ǝ)bbǝwo(t)
wo
he/him

|{{lang|am|አዝዞ}}
äzzo

(ä)w, -t
(ǝ)llät
(ǝ)bbät
(w)u
she/her

|{{lang|am|አዝዜ}}
äzze

at
(ǝ)llat
(ǝ)bbat
wa
s/he (polite/formal)

|{{lang|am|አዝዚዩ}}
äzziyu

aččäw
(ǝ)llaččäw
(ǝ)bbaččäw
aččäw
we

|{{lang|am|ኢኛች}}
ignâch

(ä/ǝ)n
(ǝ)llǝn
(ǝ)bbǝn
aččǝn
you (pl.)

|{{lang|am|አኻኻች}}
akhâkhâch

aččǝhu
(ǝ)llaččǝhu
(ǝ)bbaččǝhu
aččǝhu
they

|{{lang|am|አዝዚያች}}
äzziyach

aččäw
(ǝ)llaččäw
(ǝ)bbaččäw
aččäw

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-right: 20px;"

|+ Harari demonstrative pronouns

! colspan="2" |Number, Gender

! Near

! Far

rowspan="2" |Singular

! Masculine

|{{lang|am|ዪ}} yi (i)

|{{lang|am|የእ}} yäǝ

Feminine

|{{lang|am|ኢትተ}} ittä

|{{lang|am|የትተ}}
yättä

colspan="2" |Plural

|{{lang|am|ዪያች}} yiyâch

|{{lang|am|የኣች}} Ya’âch

class="wikitable"

! Person

! Singular

! Plural

1

| Án || Innách or Inyách.

2

| Akhákh || Akhákhách

3

| Azo || (383){{clarify|date=May 2014}} Azziyách

The affixed pronouns or possessives attached to nouns are:

Singular.

: 1st Pers. – e, my or mine. : Gár-e, my house.

: 2nd Pers. – khá, thy or thine. Gár-khá, thy house.

: 3rd Pers. – zo, or – so, his. Gár-zo, his house.

Plural.

: 1st Pers. – zinya or sinya, our. : Gár-zinya, our house.

: 2nd Pers. – kho, your. Gár-kho, your house.

: 3rd Pers. – ziyu or siyu, their. Gár-ziyu, their house. (384){{clarify|date=May 2014}}

In the same way attached pronouns are affixed to verbs:

: Sit-ayn: give (thou to) me.

: Sit-ana: give (thou to) us.

The demonstrative pronouns are:

: Sing. Yí, this.

: Yá', that.

: Plur. Yíách, these.

: Yá'ách, those.

The interrogative pronouns are the following:

: Mántá: who?

: Mintá: what?

: Án atti'e hárkho: I myself went.

: Akhákh attikha hárkhí: thou thyself wentest.

: Azo attiizo hára: he himself went.

=Verbs=

The following are the two auxiliary verbs:

class="wikitable"

|+ 'to be'

! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |

! colspan="2" | Past

! colspan="2" | Present

! rowspan="2" | Imperative

AffirmativeNegativeAffirmativeNegative
rowspan="6" | Person

! rowspan="3" | (s)

! 1

| Án narkhú. || Án alnárkhúm. || Án halkho. || Án elkhúm.

| style="background: #EEEEEE;" |

2

| Akhákh nárkhí. || Akhákh alnárkhím. || Akhákh halkhí. || Akhákh elkhím. || Hal.

3

| Azo nárá. || Azo alnárum. || Azo hal ({{clarify|date=May 2014}}). || Azo elúm.

| style="background: #EEEEEE;" |

rowspan="3" | (pl)

! 1

| Inyách nárná. || Inyách alnárum. || Inyách halna. || Inyách elnám.

| style="background: #EEEEEE;" |

2

| Akhákhách narkhú. || Akhákhách alnárkhúm. || Akhákhách halkhú. || Akhákhách elkhúm. || Halkhú.

3

| Aziyách nárú. || Aziyách alnárúm. || Aziyách halú || Aziyásc elúm.

| style="background: #EEEEEE;" |

Past tense

: Sing. 1. I became: Án ikaní náarkho.

: 2. Thou becamest: Akhákh tikání nárkhí.

: 3. He became: Azo ikáni nárá.

: Plur. 1. We became: Innách nikání nárná.

: 2. Ye became: Akhákhách tikání nárkhú.

: 3. They became: Aziyách ikání nárú.

Present tense

: Sing. 1. I become: Án ikánákh.

: 2. Thou becomest: Akhákh tikánákh.

: 3. He becomes: Azo ikánál.

: Plur. 1. We become: Inyách nikánáná.

: 2. Ye become: Akhákhách tikánákhu.

: 3. They become: Aziyách yikánálú.

Imperative

: Become thou, "Kanni". Become ye, "Kánnú".

Prohibitive

: Sing. 2. Become not, ikánnumekh.

: Plur. 2. Become not ye, tikánnumekhu.

Past tense

(Affirmative form)

: Sing. 1. I went, Án letkho.

: 2. Thous wentest, Akhákh letkhí.

: 3. He went, Azo leta.

: Plur. 1. We went, Inyách letna.

: 2. Ye went, Akhákhách letkhú.

: 3. They went, Aziyách letú.

(Negative form)

: Sing. 1. I went not, Án alletkhúm.

: 2. Thou wentest not, Akbákh alletkhím.

: 3. He went not, Azo alletám.

: Plur. 1. We went not, Inyách aletnám.

: 2. Ye went not, Akhákách alletkhúm.

: 3. They went not, Azziyách alletúm.

Present tense.

(Affirmative form)

: 1. I go, Án iletákh 1. Inyásh niletáná.

: 2. Thou goest, Akhákh tiletínakh 2. Akhákhách tiletákhú.

: 3. He goes, Azo yiletál 3. Azziyách yiletálú.

(Negative form)

: Sing. 1. I go not, Án iletumekh.

: 2. Thou goest not, Akhákh tiletumekh.

: 3. He goes not, Azo yiletumel.

: Plur. 1. We go not, Inyách niletumena.

: 2. Ye go not, Akhákhach tiletumekhú.

: 3. They go not, Azziyách iletuelú.

: Sing. 1. I will go, Án iletle halkho.

: 2. Thou wilt go, Akháhk tiletle halkhí.

: 3. He will go, Azo iletle hal.

: Plur. 1. We will go, Inyách niletle halns.

: 2. Ye will go, Akhákhách tiletle halkhú.

: 3. They will go, Azziyách niletle halns.

Writing system

Harari is generally written in three scripts. It was originally written in an unmodified and now in a standardized modified Arabic Script.{{Cite web|title=Harari language, alphabet and pronunciation|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/harari.htm|access-date=2020-08-20|website=omniglot.com}}{{Cite web|date=2013-10-23|title=Harari|url=https://elalliance.com/harari/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Endangered Language Alliance Toronto|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Harari-Texte in Arabischer Schrift : Wagner, Ewald : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_har_vertxt-1|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Internet Archive|year=1983 |language=en}} The Ethiopic script was then adopted to write Harari. There is a Latin version of the script used by the Harari diaspora.{{Cite web|title=Saay Harari Afocha|url=https://saayharari.com/pages/harar.asp?cat=3&sub=150#Group16|access-date=2020-08-20|website=saayharari.com}}

= Harari Arabic script=

Harari Arabic script consists of 36 letters, made up of the original 28 Arabic letters, plus 8 additional letters for sounds unique to Harari or to loanwords of European origin. 8 of the original 28 letters are only used for writing of loanwords of Arabic origin (shown in beige in the table below). 2 of the 8 new letters are only used for writing of loanwords of European origin (shown in green in the table below).

Harari Arabic script is also made up of 5 vowel diacritics. A unique and noteworthy feature of this script is that it indicates stressed syllables in an explicit manner, as explained in the following section.

class="wikitable"

|+Harari Arabic script{{Cite book |last=Andrew Cunningham |url=http://openroad.net.au/languages/african/harari/harari-character-tables-v3.pdf |title=Harari Harfi |date=2011 |publisher=State Library of Victoria and the Australian Saay Harari Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410171352/http://openroad.net.au/languages/african/harari/harari-character-tables-v3.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-10}}

Isolated

! Final

! Medial

! Initial

! IPA

! Romanization

! Ge'ez Equivalent

{{Script|Arab|أ / إ}}

|colspan=2|{{Script|Arab|ـا}}

|{{Script|Arab|ا}}

| [{{IPA link|∅}} / {{IPA link|ʔ}}]

| a / '

| {{Script|Ethi|አ}}

{{Script|Arab|ب}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـب}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـبـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|بـ}}

| {{IPAblink|b}}

| b

| {{Script|Ethi|በ}}

bgcolor="#d0dead"

|{{Script|Arab|پ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـپ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـپـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|پـ}}

| {{IPAblink|p}}

| p

| {{Script|Ethi|ፐ}}

{{Script|Arab|ت}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـت}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـتـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|تـ}}

| {{IPAblink|t}}

| t

| {{Script|Ethi|ተ}}

bgcolor="#FFEFD5"

|{{Script|Arab|ث}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـث}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـثـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ثـ}}

| {{IPAblink|θ}}

| ṫ

| {{Script|Ethi|ሠ}}

{{Script|Arab|ج}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـج}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـجـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|جـ}}

| {{IPAblink|dʒ}}

| j

| {{Script|Ethi|ጀ}}

{{Script|Arab|ݘ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـݘ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـݘـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ݘـ}}

| {{IPAblink|g}}

| g

| {{Script|Ethi|ገ}}

{{Script|Arab|ح}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـح}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـحـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|حـ}}

| {{IPAblink|ħ}}

| h

| {{Script|Ethi|ሐ}}

{{Script|Arab|خ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـخ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـخـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|خـ}}

| {{IPAblink|x}}

| kh

| {{Script|Ethi|ኸ}}

{{Script|Arab|د}}

|colspan=2|{{Script|Arab|ـد}}

|{{Script|Arab|د}}

| {{IPAblink|d}}

| d

| {{Script|Ethi|ደ}}

bgcolor="#FFEFD5"

|{{Script|Arab|ذ}}

|colspan=2|{{Script|Arab|ـذ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ذ}}

| {{IPAblink|ð}}

| dh

| {{Script|Ethi|ፀ}}

{{Script|Arab|ر}}

|colspan=2|{{Script|Arab|ـر}}

|{{Script|Arab|ر}}

| {{IPAblink|r}}

| r

| {{Script|Ethi|ረ}}

{{Script|Arab|ز}}

|colspan=2|{{Script|Arab|ـز}}

|{{Script|Arab|ز}}

| {{IPAblink|z}}

| z

| {{Script|Ethi|ዘ}}

{{Script|Arab|ژ}}

|colspan=2|{{Script|Arab|ـژ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ژ}}

| {{IPAblink|ʒ}}

| zh

| {{Script|Ethi|ዠ}}

{{Script|Arab|س}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـس}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـسـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|سـ}}

| {{IPAblink|s}}

| s

| {{Script|Ethi|ሰ}}

{{Script|Arab|ش}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـش}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـشـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|شـ}}

| {{IPAblink|ʃ}}

| sh

| {{Script|Ethi|ሸ}}

{{Script|Arab|ڛ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڛ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڛـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ڛـ}}

| {{IPAblink|tʃ}}

| ch

| {{Script|Ethi|ቸ}}

bgcolor="#FFEFD5"

|{{Script|Arab|ص}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـص}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـصـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|صـ}}

| {{IPAblink|sˁ}}

| ṡ

| {{Script|Ethi|ጸ}}

bgcolor="#FFEFD5"

|{{Script|Arab|ض}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـض}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـضـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ضـ}}

| {{IPAblink|dˁ}}

| ḋ

| {{Script|Ethi|ጰ}}

{{Script|Arab|ط}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـط}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـطـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|طـ}}

| {{IPAblink|t’}}

| x

| {{Script|Ethi|ጠ}}

bgcolor="#FFEFD5"

|{{Script|Arab|ظ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـظ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـظـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ظـ}}

| {{IPAblink|zˁ}}

| ż

| {{Script|Ethi|ⶰ}}

{{Script|Arab|ڟ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڟ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڟـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ڟـ}}

| {{IPAblink|tʃ’}}

| c

| {{Script|Ethi|ጨ}}

bgcolor="#FFEFD5"

|{{Script|Arab|ع}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـع}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـعـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|عـ}}

| {{IPAblink|ʕ}}

| ȧ

| {{Script|Ethi|ዐ}}

bgcolor="#FFEFD5"

|{{Script|Arab|غ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـغ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـغـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|غـ}}

| {{IPAblink|ɣ}}

| gh

| {{Script|Ethi|ኀ}}

{{Script|Arab|ف}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـف}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـفـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|فـ}}

| {{IPAblink|ɣ}}

| f

| {{Script|Ethi|ፈ}}

bgcolor="#d0dead"

|{{Script|Arab|ڤ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڤ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڤـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ڤـ}}

| {{IPAblink|v}}

| v

| {{Script|Ethi|ቨ}}

{{Script|Arab|ق}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـق}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـقـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|قـ}}

| {{IPAblink|q}}

| q

| {{Script|Ethi|ቀ}}

{{Script|Arab|ك}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـك}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـكـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|كـ}}

| {{IPAblink|k}}

| k

| {{Script|Ethi|ከ}}

{{Script|Arab|ڬ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڬ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڬـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ڬـ}}

| {{IPAblink|k’}}

| xh

| {{Script|Ethi|ዸ}}

{{Script|Arab|ل}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـل}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـلـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|لـ}}

| {{IPAblink|l}}

| l

| {{Script|Ethi|ለ}}

{{Script|Arab|م}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـم}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـمـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|مـ}}

| {{IPAblink|m}}

| m

| {{Script|Ethi|መ}}

{{Script|Arab|ن}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـن}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـنـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|نـ}}

| {{IPAblink|n}}

| n

| {{Script|Ethi|ነ}}

{{Script|Arab|ڹ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڹ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـڹـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|ڹـ}}

| {{IPAblink|ɲ}}

| gn

| {{Script|Ethi|ኘ}}

bgcolor="#FFEFD5"

|{{Script|Arab|ه}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـه}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـهـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|هـ}}

| {{IPAblink|h}}

| ḣ

| {{Script|Ethi|ሀ}}

{{Script|Arab|و}}

|colspan=2|{{Script|Arab|ـو}}

|{{Script|Arab|و}}

| {{IPAblink|w}}

| w

| {{Script|Ethi|ወ}}

{{Script|Arab|ي}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـي}}

|{{Script|Arab|ـيـ}}

|{{Script|Arab|يـ}}

| {{IPAblink|j}}

| y

| {{Script|Ethi|የ}}

==Vowel markings table==

In Harari Arabic script, there are 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u). These vowels are shown with the three Arabic diacritics (a, i, u), plus two additional diacritics (e, o). Furthermore, in Harari Arabic script, vowels are also distinguished by length, indicated by mater lectionis letters, and by stress, indicated by a combination of hamza and mater lectionis letters.

class="wikitable Unicode"

|+ Vowels

colspan="5"| Independent
|| short vowel || long vowel || Short stressed vowel || long stressed vowel
a

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|أَ}}
‌( a )
{{IPAblink|æ}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ءَا}}
‌( â )
{{IPAblink|aː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ءَأْ}}
‌( aʼ )
[ˈæ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ءَاءْ}}
‌( âʼ )
[ˈaː]

e

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|إٛ}}
‌( e )
{{IPAblink|e}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|إٛىـ / إٛى}}
‌( ê )
{{IPAblink|eː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ءٛئْـ / ءٛئْ}}
‌( eʼ )
[ˈe]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|إٛىءْ}}
‌( êʼ )
[ˈeː]

i

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|إِ}}
‌( i )
{{IPAblink|ɪ}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|إِىـ / إِى}}
‌( î )
{{IPAblink|iː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ءِئْـ / ءِئْ}}
‌( iʼ )
[ˈɪ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|إِىءْ}}
‌( îʼ )
[ˈiː]

o

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|أٚ}}
‌( o )
{{IPAblink|o}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|أٚو}}
‌( ô )
{{IPAblink|oː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ءٚؤْ}}
‌( oʼ )
[ˈo]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|أٚوءْ}}
‌( ôʼ )
[ˈoː]

u

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|أُ}}
‌( u )
{{IPAblink|ʊ}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|أُو}}
‌( û )
{{IPAblink|uː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ءُؤْ}}
‌( uʼ )
[ˈʊ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|أُوءْ}}
‌( ûʼ )
[ˈuː]

colspan="5"| Dependent (Template)
-a

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌َ}}
‌( -a )
{{IPAblink|æ}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌َـا}}
‌( -â )
{{IPAblink|aː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌َـأْ}}
‌( -aʼ )
[ˈæ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌َـاءْ}}
‌( -âʼ )
[ˈaː]

-e

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ٛ}}
‌( -e )
{{IPAblink|e}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ٛىـ / ◌ٛـى}}
‌( -ê )
{{IPAblink|eː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ٛـئْـ / ◌ٛـئْ}}
‌( -eʼ )
[ˈe]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ٛـىءْ}}
‌( -êʼ )
[ˈeː]

-i

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ِ}}
‌( -i )
{{IPAblink|ɪ}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ِـىـ / ◌ِـى}}
‌( -î )
{{IPAblink|iː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ِـئْـ / ◌ِـئْ}}
‌( -iʼ )
[ˈɪ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ِـىءْ}}
‌( -îʼ )
[ˈiː]

-o

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ٚ}}
‌( -o )
{{IPAblink|o}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ٚـو}}
‌( -ô )
{{IPAblink|oː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ٚـؤْ}}
‌( -oʼ )
[ˈo]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ٚـوءْ}}
‌( -ôʼ )
[ˈoː]

-u

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ُ}}
‌( -u )
{{IPAblink|ʊ}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ُـو}}
‌( -û )
{{IPAblink|uː}}

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ُـؤْ}}
‌( -uʼ )
[ˈʊ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ُـوءْ}}
‌( -ûʼ )
[ˈuː]

colspan="5"| Dependent (for letter {{script/Arabic|ب}} b as sample)
ba

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بَـ / بَ}}
‌( ba )
[bæ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بَا}}
‌( bâ )
[baː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بَأْ}}
‌( baʼ )
[ˈbæ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بَاءْ}}
‌( bâʼ )
[ˈbaː]

be

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بٛـ / بٛ}}
‌( be )
[be]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بٛىـ / بٛى}}
‌( bê )
[beː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بٛئْـ / بٛئْ}}
‌( beʼ )
[ˈbe]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بٛىءْ}}
‌( bêʼ )
[ˈbeː]

bi

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بِـ / بِ}}
‌( bi )
[bɪ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بِىـ / بِى}}
‌( bî )
[biː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بِئْـ / بِئْ}}
‌( biʼ )
[ˈbɪ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بِىءْ}}
‌( bîʼ )
[ˈbiː]

bo

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بٚـ / بٚ}}
‌( bo )
[bo]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بٚو}}
‌( bô )
[boː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بٚؤْ}}
‌( boʼ )
[ˈbo]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بٚوءْ}}
‌( bôʼ )
[ˈboː]

bu

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بُـ‌ / بُ}}
‌( bu )
[bʊ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بُو}}
‌( bû )
[buː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بُؤْ}}
‌( buʼ )
[ˈbʊ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بُوءْ}}
‌( bûʼ )
[ˈbuː]

colspan="5"| Dependent (for a geminated letter {{script/Arabic|بّ}} bb as sample)
bba

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بَّـ / بَّ}}
‌( bba )
[bbæ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بَّا}}
‌( bbâ )
[bbaː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بَّأْ}}
‌( bbaʼ )
[ˈbbæ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بَّاءْ}}
‌( bbâʼ )
[ˈbbaː]

bbe

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بّٛـ / بّٛ}}
‌( bbe )
[be]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بّٛىـ / بّٛى}}
‌( bbê )
[beː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بّٛئْـ / بّٛئْ}}
‌( bbeʼ )
[ˈbe]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بّٛىءْ}}
‌( bbêʼ )
[ˈbeː]

bbi

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بِّـ / بِّ}}
‌( bbi )
[bbɪ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بِّىـ / بِّى}}
‌( bbî )
[bbiː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بِّئْـ / بِّئْ}}
‌( bbiʼ )
[ˈbbɪ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بِّىءْ}}
‌( bbîʼ )
[ˈbbiː]

bbo

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بّٚـ / بّٚ}}
‌( bbo )
[bbo]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بّٚو}}
‌( bbô )
[bboː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بّٚؤْ}}
‌( bboʼ )
[ˈbbo]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بّٚوءْ}}
‌( bbôʼ )
[ˈbboː]

bbu

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بُّـ‌ / بُّ}}
‌( bbu )
[bbʊ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بُّو}}
‌( bbû )
[bbuː]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بُّؤْ}}
‌( bbuʼ )
[ˈbbʊ]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بُّوءْ}}
‌( bbûʼ )
[ˈbbuː]

colspan="5"| Zero-vowel Sign
-

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|◌ْ}}
‌( - )
[-]

| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|بْـ / بْ}}
‌( b- )
[b]

= Modified Ge'ez script=

{{further |Ge'ez script#Adaptations_to_other_languages}}

Harari can be written in the unmodified Ethiopic script as most vowel differences can be disambiguated from context.

The Harari adaptation of the Ethiopic script adds a long vowel version of the Ethiopic/Amharic vowels by adding a dot on top of the letter.

In addition certain consonants are pronounced differently when compared to the Amharic pronunciation.

The table below shows the Harari alphasyllabary with the Romanized, Arabic equivalence, and IPA representation along the rows and the Romanized vowel markings along the columns.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Harari writing system

valign=top

!Romanization

! Arabic Equivalent

!IPA!!a [æ]!!â [aː]!!u [ʊ]!!û [uː]!!i [ɪ]!!î [iː]!!e [e]!!ê [eː]!!o [o]!!ô [oː]!!∅/ə [∅/ɨ]

style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|ḣ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ه}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|h}}

ሀሃሁሁ፞ሂሂ፞ሄሄ፞ሆሆ፞ህ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|l}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ل}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|l}}

ለላሉሉ፞ሊሊ፞ሌሌ፞ሎሎ፞ል
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|h}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ح}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|ħ}}

ሐሓሑሑ፞ሒሒ፞ሔሔ፞ሖሖ፞ሕ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|m}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|م}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|m}}

መማሙሙ፞ሚሚ፞ሜሜ፞ሞሞ፞ም
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|ṫ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ث}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|θ}}

ሠሣሡሡ፞ሢሢ፞ሤሤ፞ሦሦ፞ሥ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|r}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ر}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|r}}

ረራሩሩ፞ሪሪ፞ሬሬ፞ሮሮ፞ር
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|s}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|س}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|s}}

ሰሳሱሱ፞ሲሲ፞ሴሴ፞ሶሶ፞ስ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|sh}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ش}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|ʃ}}

ሸሻሹሹ፞ሺሺ፞ሼሼ፞ሾሾ፞ሽ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|q}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ق}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|q}}

ቀቃቁቁ፞ቂቂ፞ቄቄ፞ቆቆ፞ቅ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|b}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ب}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|b}}

በባቡቡ፞ቢቢ፞ቤቤ፞ቦቦ፞ብ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|v}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ڤ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|v}}

ቨቫቩቩ፞ቪቪ፞ቬቬ፞ቮቮ፞ቭ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|t}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ت}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|t}}

ተታቱቱ፞ቲቲ፞ቴቴ፞ቶቶ፞ት
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|ch}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ڛ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|tʃ}}

ቸቻቹቹ፞ቺቺ፞ቼቼ፞ቾቾ፞ች
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|gh}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|غ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|ɣ}}

ኀኃኁኁ፞ኂኂ፞ኄኄ፞ኆኆ፞ኅ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|n}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ن}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|n}}

ነናኑኑ፞ኒኒ፞ኔኔ፞ኖኖ፞ን
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|gn}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ڹ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

ኘኛኙኙ፞ኚኚ፞ኜኜ፞ኞኞ፞ኝ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|'}}/{{Transliteration|sem|a}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|أ / إ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|∅}} / {{IPA link|ʔ}}

አኣኡኡ፞ኢኢ፞ኤኤ፞ኦኦ፞እ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|k}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ك}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|k}}

ከካኩኩ፞ኪኪ፞ኬኬ፞ኮኮ፞ክ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|kh}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|خ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|x}}

ኸኻኹኹ፞ኺኺ፞ኼኼ፞ኾኾ፞ኽ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|w}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|و}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|w}}

ወዋዉዉ፞ዊዊ፞ዌዌ፞ዎዎ፞ው
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|ȧ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ع}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|ʕ}}

ዐዓዑዑ፞ዒዒ፞ዔዔ፞ዖዖ፞ዕ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|z}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ز}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|z}}

ዘዛዙዙ፞ዚዚ፞ዜዜ፞ዞዞ፞ዝ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|zh}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ژ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|ʒ}}

ዠዣዡዡ፞ዢዢ፞ዤዤ፞ዦዦ፞ዥ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|y}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ي}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|j}}

የያዩዩ፞ዪዪ፞ዬዬ፞ዮዮ፞ይ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|d}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|د}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|d}}

ደዳዱዱ፞ዲዲ፞ዴዴ፞ዶዶ፞ድ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|xh}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ڬ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|k’}}

ዸዻዹዹ፞ዺዺ፞ዼዼ፞ዾዾ፞ዽ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|j}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ج}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|dʒ}}

ጀጃጁጁ፞ጂጂ፞ጄጄ፞ጆጆ፞ጅ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|g}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ݘ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|g}}

ገጋጉጉ፞ጊጊ፞ጌጌ፞ጎጎ፞ግ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|x}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ط}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|t’}}

ጠጣጡጡ፞ጢጢ፞ጤጤ፞ጦጦ፞ጥ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|c}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ڟ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|tʃ’}}

ጨጫጩጩ፞ጪጪ፞ጬጬ፞ጮጮ፞ጭ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|ḋ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ض}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|dˁ}}

ጰጳጱጱ፞ጲጲ፞ጴጴ፞ጶጶ፞ጵ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|ṡ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ص}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|sˁ}}

ጸጻጹጹ፞ጺጺ፞ጼጼ፞ጾጾ፞ጽ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|dh}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ذ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|ð}}

ፀፃፁፁ፞ፂፂ፞ፄፄ፞ፆፆ፞ፅ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|f}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ف}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|f}}

ፈፋፉፉ፞ፊፊ፞ፌፌ፞ፎፎ፞ፍ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|p}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|پ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|p}}

ፐፓፑፑ፞ፒፒ፞ፔፔ፞ፖፖ፞ፕ
style="font-size:2em"

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Transliteration|sem|ż}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{Script|Arab|ظ}}

!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{IPA link|zˁ}}

ⶰⶳⶱⶱ፞ⶲⶲ፞ⶴⶴ፞ⶶⶶ፞ⶵ
Romanization

!IPA

a [æ]â [aː]u [ʊ]û [uː]i [ɪ]î [iː]e [e]ê [eː]o [o]ô [oː]∅/ə [∅/ɨ]

:Notes

  • Gemination can be done by simply writing the "∅/ə" variation of a letter before the letter itself.
  • Stressed vowels can be written by following a letter with {{Script|Ethi|እ}} (The "no-vowel" variation of the "a" letter)
  • For example, the Harari demonstrative pronoun yaʼ ({{Script|Arab|يَأْ}}) is written as {{Script|Ethi|የእ}}
  • Formerly, long-e (ê) and long-i (î) were represented by adding {{Script|Ethi|እ}} (y) after the character. Now, a dot diacritic is preferred instead.
  • Formerly, Long-o (ô) and long-u (û) were represented by adding {{Script|Ethi|ው}} (w) after the character Now, a dot diacritic is preferred instead.

= Modified Latin script=

Teble below shows the Latin script, modified and adapted for Harari language.

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

! Upper case letter

! Lower case letter

! IPA

! Arabic Equivalent

! Ge'ez equivanelt

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|A}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|a}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|æ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|أَ / ◌َ‎}}

| {{Script|Ethi|አ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Â}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|â}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|aː}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ءَا / ◌َـا‎}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኣ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Ȧ}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|ȧ}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|ʕ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ع}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ዐ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|B}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|b}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|b}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ب}}

| {{Script|Ethi|በ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|C}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|c}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|tʃ’}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ڟ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ጨ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Ch}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|ch}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|tʃ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ڛ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ቸ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|D}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|d}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|d}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|د}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ደ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Dh}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|dh}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|ð}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ذ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ፀ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Ḋ}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|ḋ}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|dˁ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ض}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ጰ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|E}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|e}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|e}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|إٛ ‌/ ◌ٛ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኤ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Ê}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|ê}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|eː}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|إٛى / ◌ٛـى}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኤ፞}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|F}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|f}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|f}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ف}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ɣ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|G}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|g}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|g}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ݘ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ገ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Gh}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|gh}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|ɣ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|غ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኀ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Gn}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|gn}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|ɲ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ڹ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኘ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|H}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|h}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|ħ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ح}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ሐ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Ḣ}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|ḣ}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|h}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ه}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ሀ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|I}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|i}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|ɪ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|إِ / ◌ِ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኢ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Î}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|î}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|iː}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|إِى‎ / ◌ِـى}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኢ፞}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|J}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|j}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|dʒ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ج}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ጀ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|K}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|k}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|k}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ك}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ከ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Kh}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|kh}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|x}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|خ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኸ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|L}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|l}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|l}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ل}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ለ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|M}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|m}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|m}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|م}}

| {{Script|Ethi|መ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|N}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|n}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|n}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ن}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ነ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|O}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|o}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|o}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|أٚ / ◌ٚ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኦ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Ô}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|ô}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|oː}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|أٚو‎ / ◌ٚـو}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኦ፞}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|P}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|p}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|p}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|پ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ፐ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Q}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|q}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|q}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ق}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ቀ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|R}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|r}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|r}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ر}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ረ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|S}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|s}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|s}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|س}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ሰ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Sh}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|sh}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|ʃ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ش}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ሸ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Ṡ}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|ṡ}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|sˁ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ص}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ጸ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|T}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|t}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|t}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ت}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ተ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Ṫ}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|ṫ}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|θ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ث}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ሠ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|U}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|u}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|ʊ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|أُ / ◌ُ‎}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኦ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Û}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|û}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|uː}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|أُو‎ / ◌ُـو}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ኦ፞}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|V}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|v}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|v}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ڤ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ቨ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|W}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|w}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|w}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|و}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ወ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|X}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|x}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|t’}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ط}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ጠ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Xh}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|xh}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|k’}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ڬ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ዸ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Y}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|y}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|j}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ي}}

| {{Script|Ethi|የ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Z}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|z}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|z}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ز}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ዘ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Zh}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|zh}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|ʒ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ژ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ዠ}}

style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|Ż}}

| style="font-size:125%" | {{Transliteration|har|ż}}

| style="font-size:100%" | {{IPAblink|zˁ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ظ}}

| {{Script|Ethi|ⶰ}}

style="font-size:125%" colspan = "2" | {{Transliteration|har|ʼ}}

|dir = "rtl | {{Script|Arab|ء}}

| {{Script|Ethi|እ}}

:Notes

  • The Harari Latin Alphabet has eight digraphs: ch, dh, gh, gn, kh, sh, xh, and zh. It is possible to have a geminated (double) consonant. In the case of digraphs, only the initial letter is doubled, i.e. “dh” followed by “dh” is written as “ddh” {{Script|Ethi|ፅፅ}} / {{Script|Arab|ذّ}})
  • The apostrophe character has multiple functions in Harari Latin orthography:
  • # It indicates that the preceding consonant is an isolated consonant and not part of a digraph, e.g. hêgʼna ({{Script|Ethi|ሔ́ግነ}} / {{Script|Arab|حٛىݘْنَ}} - replace), i.e. gʼn is “g+n” rather than “gn”.
  • # It distinguishes between a geminated digraph and a consonant followed by digraph, magʼgna ({{Script|Ethi|መግኘ}} / {{Script|Arab|مَݘْڹَ}} - throwing) i.e. gʼgn is “g+gn” rather than “ggn”.
  • # It separates a consonant and a following independent vowel, Gaz’i ({{Script|Ethi|ገዝኢ}} / {{Script|Arab|چَزْإِ}} - God)
  • # If following a vowel, it indicates that the vowel is stressed, raʼyi ({{Script|Ethi|ረእዪ}} / {{Script|Arab|رَأْيِ}} - idea) or usuʼ ({{Script|Ethi|ኡሱእ}} / {{Script|Arab|أُسُؤْ}} - person).

=Sample Text=

Below is a sample text, in the three scripts for Harari.Omniglot - Harari [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/harari.htm https://www.omniglot.com/writing/harari.htm]

class="wikitable"

! Latin Script

| Waldâchzinâw dînziyu wâ sinânzîw matlêmadle 1992be qurân gêy kafatnama gêy sinânuw amânbe matlêmad nifarkikut lâtin harfîbe matlêmad êgalna.

Yîbe amânbe waldâchzina ûga zilahadube, 1999be bâdbe (ḣararbe) hukûmazina sabi harfibe sinânzinâw maktable murti huluf zâshasa igʼgnâchum fîtzanâw azzo garab gargab âshna. Yakhnimâm qâcibe zilêqu waldâchuw sabi harfîw matlêmad ôrkut tâb khânama agagnnêw.

Ge'ez Script

|{{Script|Ethi|ወልዳችዚናው ዲ፞ንዚዩ ዋ ሲናንዚዩ፞ው መትሌ፞መድሌ 1992ቤ ቁራን ጌ፞ይ ከፈትነመ ጌ፞ይ ሲናኑው አማንቤ መትሌ፞መድ ኒፈርኪኩት ላቲ́ን ሐርፊ፞ቤ መትሌ፞መድ ኤ፞ገልነ፨}}

{{Script|Ethi|ዪ፞ቤ አማንቤ ወልዳችዚነ ኡ፞ገ ዚለሐዱቤ፣ 1999ቤ ባድቤ (ሀረርቤ) ሑኩ፞መዚነ ሰቢ ሐርፊቤ ሲናንዚናው መክተብሌ ሙርቲ ሑሉፍ ዛሸሰ ኢግኛቹም ፊ፞ትዚናው አዝዞ ገረብ ገርገብ ኣሽነ። የኽኒማም ቃጪቤ ዚሌ፞ቁ ወልዳቹው ሰቢ ሐርፊ፞ው መትሌ፞መድ ኦ፞ርኩት ታብ ኻነመ አገኝኔ፞ው፨}}

Arabic Script

| dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|وَلْدَاڛْزِنَاوْ دِىنْزِيُ وَا سِنَانْزِىوْ مَتْلٛىمَدْلٛ ۱۹۹۲بٛ قُرَان ݘٛىيْ كَفَتْنَمَ ݘٛىيْ سِنَانُوْ أَمَانْبٛ مَتْلٛىمَدْ نِفَرْكِكُت لَاتِن حَرفِىبٛ مَتْلٛىمَدْ إٛىݘَلنَ.}}

{{script/Arabic|يِىبٛ أَمَانبٛ وَلْدَاڛْزِنَ أُوݘَ زِلَحَدُبٛ، ۱۹۹۹بٛ بَادْبٛ (هَرَرْبٛ) حُكُومَزِنَ سَبِ حَرْفِبٛ سِنَانْزِنَاوْ مَكْتَبْلٛ مُرْتِ حُلُفْ زَاشَسَ إِݘْڹَاچُمْ فِىتْزَنَاوْ أَزّٚ ݘَرَبْ ݘَرْݘَبْ ءَاشْنَ. يَخْنِمَامْ قَاڟِبٛ زِلٛىقُ وَلْدَاڛُوْ سَبِ حَرفِىوْ مَتْلٛىمَدْ أٚوركُتْ تَابْ خَانَمَ أَݘَڹْنٛىوْ.}}

Translation

| Back in 1992 Harari Language School was established to teach our children the Harari language. To simplify the process of teaching we adopted the Latin script and have successfully developed it for the need of the Harari language.

In 1999, when the Harari Regional Government adopted the Sabean (Ethiopic) script, we tried to use it here for our students. However our students found Sabean script very hard to learn.

Numerals

  • 1. Ahad
  • 2. Ko'ot
  • 3. Shi'ishti
  • 4. Haret
  • 5. Ham'misti
  • 6. Siddisti
  • 7. Sa'ati
  • 8. Su'ut
  • 9. Zahtegn
  • 10. Assir
  • 11. Asra ahad
  • 12. Asra ko'ot
  • 13. Asra shi'ishti
  • 14. Asra haret
  • 15. Asra ham'misti
  • 16. Asra siddisti
  • 17. Asra sa'ati
  • 18. Asra su'ut
  • 19. Asra zahtegn
  • 20. Kuya
  • 30. Saasa
  • 40. Arbîn
  • 50. Hamsein
  • 60. Sit'tin
  • 70. Sa'ati asir
  • 80. Su'ut asir
  • 90. Zahtana
  • 100. Baqla
  • 1,000. Kum or Alfi

References

{{reflist}}

=Works cited=

  • {{Cite book |last1=Garad |first1=Abdurahman |title=Harari-Studien : Texte mit Übersetzung, grammatischen Skizzen und Glossar |last2=Wagner |first2=Ewald |publisher=Harrassowitz |year=1998 |isbn=3-447-03937-X |location=Wiesbaden |language=de}}
  • Cerulli, Enrico. “La lingua e la storia di Harar” in Studi Etiopici, vol. I, 1936 (Roma).
  • {{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Marcel |title=Etudes d'éthiopien méridional |year=1931 |location=Paris |pages=243–354 |author-link=Marcel Cohen}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Andrew Cunningham |url=http://openroad.net.au/languages/african/harari/harari-character-tables-v3.pdf |title=Harari Harfi |date=2011 |publisher=State Library of Victoria and the Australian Saay Harari Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410171352/http://openroad.net.au/languages/african/harari/harari-character-tables-v3.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-10}}
  • {{Cite report |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9144 |title=Sociolinguistic survey report of the Zay language area |last1=Gardner |first1=Simon |last2=Siebert |first2=Ralph |volume=2002-024 |year=2001 |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports}}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Leslau |first=Wolf |date=1937 |title=Contributions a l'etude du harari (Abyssinie meridionale) |journal=Journal Asiatique |volume=229}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Leslau |first=Wolf |title=The verb in Harari (South Ethiopic) |publisher=University of California Press |year=1958 |location=Berkeley}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Leslau |first=Wolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lYsAQAAIAAJ |title=Ethiopians speak: studies in cultural background |publisher=University of California Press |year=1965 |isbn=9783515036573 |author-link=Wolf Leslau}}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Leslau |first=Wolf |date=1959 |title=An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary |journal=Annales d'Ethiopie |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=275–298 |doi=10.3406/ethio.1959.1310}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Mondon-Vidailhet |first=Casimir |title=La langue Harari et les dialectes Ethiopies du Gouraghê |date=1902 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |location=Paris |author-link=Casimir Mondon-Vidailhet}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Wagner |first=Ewald |title=Harari-Texte in arabischer Schrift : mit Übersetzung und Kommentar |publisher=F. Steiner |year=1983 |location=Wiesbaden}}

External links

{{Incubator|har}}

  • World Atlas of Language Structures information on [http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_hrr Harari]
  • [http://wollamshram.ca/1001/East/east1_appn02.htm Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Harari Language]

{{Languages of Ethiopia}}

{{Afro-Asiatic languages|state=collapse}}

{{Modern Semitic languages |state=expanded}}

{{Semitic languages |expanded=Western South}}

{{Arabic script}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harari Language}}

Category:Languages of Ethiopia

Category:Transverse Ethiopian Semitic languages