Harold Grad
{{Short description|American mathematician (1923–1986)}}
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| name = Harold Grad
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|01|23}}
| birth_place = New York City, New York
| death_date = {{death date and age |1986|11|17 |1923|01|23}}
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| nationality = American
| fields = Plasma physics, Statistical mechanics
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| education = Cooper Union (B.E.)
New York University (MS, PhD)
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| doctoral_advisor = Richard Courant
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| known_for = Biconic cusp
Boltzmann–Grad limit
Grad–Shafranov equation
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| awards = {{plainlist|
- Guggenheim Fellow (1981)
- Eringen Medal (1982)
- James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics (1986)
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Harold Grad (January 23, 1923 in New York City – November 17, 1986) was an American applied mathematician. His work specialized in the application of statistical mechanics to plasma physics and magnetohydrodynamics.
Work
In statistical mechanics he had developed in his thesis new methods for the solution of the Boltzmann equation. He derived the Boltzmann equation from Liouville equation using BBGKY hierarchy under certain limits, known as Boltzmann–Grad limit.Grad, H. (1949). On the kinetic theory of rarefied gases. Communications on pure and applied mathematics, 2(4), 331-407. Harold Grad was the founder of the Magneto-fluid Dynamics Division of the Courant Institute and served as its head until shortly before his death{{cite web |url=http://www.cims.nyu.edu/information/brochure/student.html |title=NYU > Courant Institute > About > Student Prizes |publisher=Cims.nyu.edu |accessdate=2014-06-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227165756/http://www.cims.nyu.edu/information/brochure/student.html |archivedate=2014-02-27 }} From 1964 to 1967 and 1974 to 1977 he was a member of the Advisory Committee for Fusion Energy at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.{{cite journal|title=Harold Grad |journal=Phys. Today |volume=40 |issue=3 |page=86 |year=1987
|doi=10.1063/1.2819960 |first=Albert A. |last=Blank}}
Grad was a critic and supporter of many early fusion schemes including picket fences, magnetic mirrors and Biconic cusps.J Berowitz, H Grad and H Rubin, in proceedings of the second United Nations International conference on peaceful uses of atomic energy, Geneva, 1958, Vol 31, Page 177{{cite book |last=Grad |first=Harold |title=Theory of Cusped Geometries, I. General Survey NYO-7969|publisher=Inst. Math. Sci., N.Y.U. |date=December 1, 1957}}Containment in a cusped Plasma System, Dr. Harold Grad, NYO-9496
Recognition
In 1970, Grad became a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice in 1970Grad, Harold. [http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1970.3/Main/icm1970.3.0105.0114.ocr.pdf "Mathematical problems arising in plasma physics."] Actes, Congrès int. Math., Nice, 1970. Tome 3: 105–114. and in Stockholm in 1962.
In 1981, Grad was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/harold-grad/|title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Harold Grad|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-15}} In 1982, he was awarded the Eringen Medal from the Society of Engineering Science,{{Cite web|url=http://ses.egr.uh.edu/honors-awards/ses-medalists|title=SES Medalists {{!}} Society of Engineering Science Inc.|website=ses.egr.uh.edu|access-date=2020-02-15|archive-date=2017-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807235222/http://ses.egr.uh.edu/honors-awards/ses-medalists|url-status=dead}} and in 1986, he received the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics from the American Physical Society.
The Courant Institute offers the Harold Grad Memorial Prize to outstanding performance and promise as a graduate student.
Life
Dr. Grad received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Cooper Union in 1943 and his masters at New York University in 1945. Grad did his doctoral work under Richard Courant and graduated in 1948. His thesis was on the approximation of the Boltzmann Equation by torque. He was then at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University from 1948 as associate professor and from 1957 until his death. Dr. Grad conducted research in magnetohydrodynamics, the mathematical formulation of plasma physics and applications of plasma physics to nuclear fusion. He led the magnetohydrodynamics department from 1956 until 1980.
References
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{{James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics recipients}}
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Category:20th-century American mathematicians
Category:Mathematicians from New York City
Category:New York University alumni
Category:Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences faculty