Hashidate Maru
{{Short description|Japanese tanker boat}}
| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image |Ship image= |Ship caption= }} {{Infobox ship career |Hide header= |Ship country= Japan |Ship flag= File:Flag of Japan.svg |Ship name= Hashidate Maru |Ship identification= |Ship namesake= |Ship owner= |Ship operator= Nippon Kaiyo Gyogyo K. K. |Ship registry= Japan |Ship route= |Ship ordered= |Ship awarded= |Ship builder= Kawasaki Shipbuilding |Ship laid down= 10 May 1944 |Ship launched= 17 September 1944 |Ship acquired= |Ship commissioned= November 1944 |Ship decommissioned= |Ship in service=1944 - 1965 |Ship out of service= |Ship homeport= |Ship fate= Sold for scrap in 1965 |Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics |Hide header= |Header caption= |Ship type=*Standard Merchant 1TL tanker (1944)
|Ship tonnage= {{GRT|10896|disp=long}} |Ship length= |Ship beam= |Ship draft= |Ship propulsion= |Ship speed=* |Ship range= |Ship complement= |Ship notes= }} |
The IJN Hashidate Maru was a Japanese Standard Merchant 1TL tanker built by Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation for Nippon Kaiyo Gyogyo K. K. It was built at Kobe, Japan and commissioned on 31 October 1944 to support the war effort by transporting oil, and was later refitted as a whaling factory ship.{{cite web | url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/HashidateM_t.htm | title=Japanese Oilers - Hasidate Maru | last1=Hackett | first1=Bob | last2=Cundall | first2=Peter | date=2008 | access-date=2014-04-01 }}{{cite journal | title = Chronological Notes on the Commissioned Japanese Whaling Factory Ships | journal = Bull. Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University | date = 1980 | first = Akito | last = Kawamura | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 184–190 | url = http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/23715/1/31(2)_P184-190.pdf | access-date = 11 February 2014 | archive-date = 22 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222202444/http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/23715/1/31(2)_P184-190.pdf | url-status = dead }}
World War II
On 15 January 1945, while the Hashidate Maru was docked at the Hong Kong port, an American carrier aircraft began attacks that caused light damage to the oil tanker. The next day, as it is moved to the dockyard for repairs, it was lightly damaged by near misses. When the battle ended, the Japanese claimed they had shot down 22 enemy aircraft, but took serious damage to three tankers and light damage to three escorts.
On 1 February 1945, the Hashidate Maru departed Hong Kong in a convoy with four Type 2TE tankers. Soon after, she struck a naval mine and began to settle, but emergency repairs contained the flooding. On 15 August 1945, it docked at Osaka for repairs and surrendered to the Allied Forces in September 1945.
Whaling
General Douglas MacArthur, as military governor of Japan in 1945, encouraged the defeated Japan to continue whaling in order to provide a cheap source of meat to its starving people, and millions of dollars in oil for the USA and Europe.{{Cite book
| last = Ellis
| first = Richard
| publisher = The Lyons Press
| title = Men and Whales
| year = 1999
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ&q=men+and+whales
| page = 405
| isbn = 978-1-55821-696-9
| access-date = 16 August 2013}}{{cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/climate-watch/blame-general-macarthur-for-whaling-row/2007/12/18/1197740272644.html
| title = Blame General MacArthur for whaling row
| first = Brendan
| last = Nicholson
| date = 19 December 2007
|work=The Age
| location=Melbourne
| access-date =19 December 2009
}} The Japanese whaling industry quickly recovered as MacArthur authorized the commission of two tankers as whaling factory ships: the Hashidate Maru and Nisshin Maru No. 1,{{cite book | last1 = Kalland | first1 = Arne | last2 = Brian | first2 = Moeran | title = Japanese Whaling?: End of an Era | volume = 6 | work = RLE: Japan Mini-Set E: Sociology & Anthropology | publisher = Taylor & Francis, 2010 | isbn = 978-0203843970| date = 2010-09-07 }}{{cite news | first = Siobhan | last = Downes | title = Fight to save whales relentless | date = 2014-01-11 |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/9598415/Fight-to-save-whales-relentless | work = The Dominion Post | access-date = 28 January 2014}} to once again take whales in the Antarctic and elsewhere.
The Hashidate Maru began its reconversion to a whale factory ship by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in June 1946, with the work completed in October 1946. A refrigeration unit was installed in May 1947. The crew numbered 304, of whom 186 were factory workers, and comprised a large proportion of young men, most of them being between 15 and 20 years of age.{{cite web | url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/31st-october-1947/16/whaling-and-fishing | title=Whaling and Fishing - 30 October 1947 | work=Russell Greenwood | publisher=The Spectator Archive | access-date=2014-04-01 }} The Hashidate Maru served as a factory whaling ship from 1946 to early 1951.
Oil tanker
The ship was decommissioned from whaling in 1951{{cite web | url=http://icoads.noaa.gov/japan.html | title=Japanese Whaling Ship Data | work=ICOADS | date=11 February 2014 | access-date=2014-04-01 }} and sold in May 1951 to Iino Kaiun for 45 million ¥ens, who converted it back to an oil tanker. The Hashidate Maru then was chartered in 1952 to Standard Oil of California. It made three voyages from the Persian Gulf and Indonesia carrying crude oil to California. On 7 July 1962 it was sold to Naigai Kisen K.K. in Tokyo. The Hashidate Maru was finally sold for scrapping on 20 April 1965.
See also
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
- Hiyo Maru
- Nisshin Maru
- Shōnan Maru 2
- Yūshin Maru № 2
- International Whaling Commission
- Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
- Whaling in Japan
{{div col end}}
References
{{reflist|2}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book | last1=Commonwealth Fisheries Office (Australia) | last2=Coonan | first2=K. J. | title=Japanese Antarctic Whaling Operations, 1946/48: Report on the Operations of the Japanese Mother Ship "Hashidate Maru" and Attendant Chasers | edition=1947 }}