Hawker Siddeley P.139B
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
| {{Infobox aircraft begin
|name=P.139B |image= File:Hawker Siddeley P.139B model.png |caption=Model of P.139B }}{{Infobox aircraft type |national origin=United Kingdom |manufacturer=Hawker Siddeley |designer= |first flight= |introduced= |retired= |status=Cancelled 1966 |primary user=Royal Navy (Intended) |more users = |produced= |number built= |variants with their own articles= |developed from= }} |
The Hawker Siddeley P.139B was a proposed airborne early warning aircraft intended to operate from aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy. The P.139B formed part of the a major equipment procurement plan for the RN in the 1960s intended to give the service a force of new, modern carriers capable of operating air groups consisting of equally modern aircraft. However, cuts in defence spending by the British government in the mid-1960s meant that these proposals never came to fruition.
Background
The early 1960s was the zenith of carrier operation for the Royal Navy, as it operated five aircraft carriers, all with air groups consisting of the most modern carrier aircraft available.{{cite book |title=Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events Volume II 1946-2005|last=Polmar |first=Norman |year=2007 |publisher=Potomac Books |location=Washington DC |isbn=9781574886634 |pages=180–187 |access-date=21 September 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNAXHkfMs5wC&q=fairey+gannet+AEW+operations&pg=PA185}} Despite modernisation, the speed of aircraft development, which led to carrier based aircraft increasing in size, was such that the Royal Navy carrier fleet could not keep up.{{Cite report |author=Birkler, John |author2=Mattock, Michael |author3=Schank, John |author4=Smith, Giles |author5=Timson, Fred |author6=Chiesa, James |author7=Woodyard, Bruce |author8=McKinnon, Malcolm |author9= Rushworth, Dennis |date=1998 |chapter=Chapter 2|title=The U.S. Aircraft Carrier Industrial Base: Chapter 2 |chapter-url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR948/MR948.chap2.pdf |publisher=RAND Corporation |page=8 |access-date=21 September 2012 }} Owing to the relatively small size of Royal Navy aircraft carriers, with {{HMS|Eagle|R05|6}} the largest at {{convert|812|ft}},{{cite book |title=HMS Eagle 1942-1978 |last=McCart |first=Neil |year=1996 |publisher=Fan Publications |isbn=0951953885 |page=148 }} it became necessary for the RN to consider a new generation of aircraft carriers - the CVA-01 - capable of operating new modern aircraft in sufficient numbers to be viable as capable units. The Fleet Air Arm planned the procurement of new aircraft to go with new aircraft carriers. The plan involved three separate areas:
- Air Defence
- Strike
- Airborne Early Warning
=Airborne Early Warning requirement=
File:Fairey Gannet AEW3 61.jpg
In 1959, the FAA had begun to replace the obsolete Douglas Skyraider AEW.1 with a version of the Fairey Gannet antisubmarine aircraft that had been modified into an AEW aircraft as the Fairey Gannet AEW.3. This was intended only as a stop-gap, as it saw the AN/APS-20 S band radar and associated equipment transplanted from the Skyraider to the Gannet.{{cite web |url=http://www.spyflight.co.uk/gannet.htm |title=Fairey Gannet AEW3 |publisher=The Spyflight Website |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323113802/http://www.spyflight.co.uk/gannet.htm |archive-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=dead }} By the time the Gannet was entering service, the AN/APS-20 had been in use for 15 years, having first been developed during the Second World War.{{cite web |url=http://www.spyflight.co.uk/hawkeye.htm |title=Northrop Grumman E-2A/B/C/D Hawkeye |publisher=The Spyflight Website |access-date=21 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420021302/http://www.spyflight.co.uk/hawkeye.htm |archive-date=20 April 2010 |url-status=dead }} By the start of the 1960s it had begun to be superseded by more advanced systems, with the US Navy by then operating the Grumman E-1 Tracer with the AN/APS-82 radar, a development of the APS-20 that was ground stabilised and through its moveable antenna, could determine target height.{{cite book |title=AWACS and Hawkeyes: The Complete History of Airborne Early Warning Aircraft |last=Armistead |first=Edwin |year=2002 |publisher=MBI Publishing |location=ST Paul, Minnesota |isbn=0760311404 |page=44 |access-date=21 September 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUN__e4yC_IC&q=an%2Faps-82+radar&pg=PA44}} Even this though was seen as an interim solution, the Grumman E-2 Hawkeye a new, purpose built aircraft with an advanced Pulse-Doppler radar was already in development.
As the Gannet was intended to have a similarly "interim" status to the E-1 Tracer, the Fleet Air Arm entered into a procurement process for an "AEW (Replacement)" platform to eventually supersede the Gannet. The development of the E-2 Hawkeye was a spur to the Royal Navy to begin the development of an equivalent British system as capable as the Hawkeye was expected to be. British aerospace and electronics companies were ordered to begin work on a new British AEW aircraft in 1962.{{cite journal |last1=Hirst |first1=Mike |year=1983 |title=From Skyraider to Nimrod...Thirty Years of British AEW |journal=Air International |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=223–230 }}
Design
The P.139B was the result of design work from the former Blackburn Aircraft design team. In 1962, when they set out on the AEW project, they looked primarily at three scanner configurations - a ventral radome, as with the Skyraider and Gannet; a dorsal radome like the E-1 Tracer; and a Fore Aft Scanner System (FASS) that used a pair of radar scanners mounted at the front and rear of the airframe. Having studied all three in detail, it was determined that the FASS was the one that gave the best performance. This led, in 1963, to the P.139 proposal. The P.139 design was not dissimilar to the Lockheed S-3 Viking in being a relatively short, high-wing monoplane with a pair of high-bypass turbofan engines under the wings; the wings were planned to be hinged so that they would fold next to the engines.{{cite book |title=Aircraft of the Royal Navy since 1945 |last=Hobbs |first=David |year=1987 |publisher=Maritime Books |location=Liskeard |isbn=0907771068 |page=97 }}{{cite web |url=http://navy-matters.beedall.com/cva01.htm |title=CVA-01 - AEW and COD Aircraft |last1=Beedall |first1=Richard |work=CVA-01 Queen Elizabeth class |publisher=Navy Matters |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620220632/http://navy-matters.beedall.com/cva01.htm |archive-date=20 June 2012 }} To accommodate the FASS system, the design had a tailplane initially planned as cruciform tail, before eventually graduating to a full t-tail plan. The plan was for the Frequency Modulated Interrupted Continuous Wave (FMICW) radar system to be installed with a scanner in the nose and one in the tail, giving it a bulbous appearance, which ended up being suspect in wind tunnel tests. The aircraft was also considered for the Carrier Onboard Delivery role, which would have seen the scanners removed, and the nose faired in, while the tail scanner was removed and replaced with a cone shaped freight door to give access to the internal space for freight or passengers.
Cancellation
File:Fairey Gannet AEW7 2-view line drawing.png and twin tail arrangement.]]
Owing to the cuts in defence spending that took place during the mid-1960s, it was eventually determined that the development of an entirely British AEW platform for aircraft carriers from scratch was too expensive, and the P.139 project was cancelled in 1964 while the aircraft was still on the drawing board, with the intention of using an existing aircraft design. One proposal was to use the HS.125 with a fixed dorsal radome, similar to that of the E-1 Tracer, while another was to update the Gannet with a new radar system involving a similar configuration to the E-2 Hawkeye.{{cite book |title=The Admiralty and AEW: Royal Navy Airborne Early Warning Projects |last=Gibson |first=Chris |year=2011 |publisher=Blue Envoy Press |isbn=978-0956195128 |page=22 }} However, the eventual cancellation of the CVA-01 aircraft carrier also led to the cancellation of any kind of new AEW aircraft, leaving the Gannet as the only AEW platform available to the Fleet Air Arm until the final withdrawal of conventional aircraft carriers in 1978.
Following the cancellation of the P.139 project, development of the Fore Aft Scanner System and FMICW radar system was continued to provide the RAF with an AEW capability, as the system was proposed to be installed on the new Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft. Airborne Early Warning capability in the Royal Navy eventually had to pass to helicopters following the final decommissioning of {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|6}} in 1978, as the subsequent {{sclass|Invincible|aircraft carrier|4}} was incapable of operating conventional fixed wing aircraft.
Specifications
File:Hawker Siddeley P.139B 3-view line drawing.png
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See also
{{commons category|Hawker Siddeley P.139B}}
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References
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{{Hawker Aircraft aircraft}}
Category:Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Category:Carrier-based aircraft