Hayashi Utako
{{Short description|Japanese educator and social worker}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hayashi Utako
| image = UtakoHayashi1921.jpg
| alt = A middle-aged Japanese woman, standing in front of a brick wall. She is wearing a simple, dark, kimono jacket, holding a bundle, hands clasped. She wears glasses and her hair is dressed in an updo.
| caption = Hayashi Utako, from a 1921 publication.
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1865|01|11}}
| birth_place = Ōno, Fukui, Japan
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1946|03|24|1865|01|11}}
| death_place = Osaka
| nationality = Japanese
| other_names =
| occupation = teacher, activist, social worker
| years_active = 1896-1946
| known_for = Temperance work, and active in international peace movement
| notable_works =
}}
{{family name hatnote|Hayashi|lang=Japanese}}
{{nihongo|Hayashi Utako|林歌子||extra=January 11, 1865 – March 24, 1946; some sources give 1864 as the birth year}} was a Japanese educator and social worker. As head of the Osaka branch of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, she led campaigns against businesses serving alcohol in 1909, 1912, and 1916. She was also active in the international woman's peace movement.
Early life
Hayashi was born in Ōno, Fukui, daughter of a samurai.{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/doorisopeninjapa00went|title=The door is open in Japan|last=Wentzel|first=Constance White|date=1950|publisher=New York, N.Y. : National Council, Protestant Episcopal Church|others=Columbia University Libraries|pages=22}} She trained as a teacher and converted to Christianity in 1887,{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B81USoplwkAC&q=%22Hayashi+Utako%22&pg=PA144|title=Flowers in Salt: The Beginnings of Feminist Consciousness in Modern Japan|last=Sievers|first=Sharon L.|date=1983|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804713825|pages=144–145}} influenced by the preaching of Tokyo's Anglican bishop, Channing Moore Williams.George Gleason, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KFsDAAAAYAAJ&dq=Khanto%20Bala%20Rai%20educator&pg=PA380 "Can Japanese Be Christians? Stories of Twice-Born Men and Women of Japan"] Missionary Review of the World (May 1921): 379-381.{{Cite book|title=貴女は誰?: 伝記林歌子|last=久布白落実|date=1989|publisher=大空社|location=東京|language=ja|oclc=21304215}}{{Cite journal|date=June 30, 1946|title=Prominent Churchwoman Dies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYHkAAAAMAAJ&q=Prominent+Churchwoman+Dies+Utako&pg=RA1-PA135|journal=The Living Church|volume=112|pages=7}}
Career
= Schools =
Hayashi taught at the Episcopal Girls' School of Tokyo as a young woman. She also taught Japanese to foreign missionaries. She became head of the Osaka Hakuaisha Orphanage from 1896,{{Cite journal|last=Bull|first=Leila|date=April 1922|title=The Widely Loving Society, Osaka, Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/spiritofmissions874epis/page/226?q=Utako+Hayashi|journal=The Spirit of Missions|pages=227–229}} famous for her self-sacrifice in supplying the children of the orphanage with food.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OocwAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Hayashi+Utako%22&pg=PA139|title=The White Fields of Japan: Being Some Account of the History and Conditions in Japan and of the Mission of the Presbyterian Church in the United States There from 1885 to the Present Day|last=Erickson|first=Lois Johnson|date=1923|publisher=Presbyterian Committee of Publication|pages=139–140}}
= Temperance =
Hayashi was president of the Osaka branch of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) from its founding in 1899.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm01AAAAIAAJ&q=Utako+Hayashi&pg=PA196|title=The Woman and the Leaven in Japan|last=DeForest|first=Charlotte Burgis|date=1923|publisher=Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Missions|pages=196–198}} In 1907 she opened the Osaka Women's Home, to house working women in the city.{{Cite journal|last=Ogawa|first=Manako|date=2004|title=Rescue Work for Japanese Women: The Birth and Development of the Jiaikan Rescue Home and the Missionaries of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Japan, 1886-1921|journal=U.S.-Japan Women's Journal|issue=26|pages=98–133|issn=2330-5037|jstor=42771913}} She led campaigns against alcohol and prostitution in the Osaka's Sonezaki district in 1909,{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4apVhbT3JZkC&q=Utako+Hayashi&pg=RA1-PT16|title=Reforming Japan: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the Meiji Period|last=Lublin|first=Elizabeth Dorn|date=2010-04-23|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=9780774859318|language=en}} with further campaigns in 1912 and 1916. In 1922 she and Kubushiro Ochimi attended the World WCTU convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.{{Cite journal|last=Ogawa|first=Manako|date=2007|title=The "White Ribbon League of Nations" Meets Japan: The Trans-Pacific Activism of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1906–1930"*"|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=31|issue=1|pages=21–50|issn=0145-2096|jstor=24916019|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2007.00601.x}} "Next to Mrs. Yajima, the greatest woman in the anti-vice movement is Miss Utako Hayashi," explained an American writer in 1923. Another American visitor called her the "Frances Willard of Japan."{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/MN41621ucmf_5|title=Suzuki looks at Japan [microform]|last=Lamott|first=Willis C. (Willis Church)|date=1934|publisher=New York : Friendship Press|others=Internet Archive|pages=164}}
= Peace =
Hayashi attended the fifth Conference on the Cause and Cure of War, held in Washington D.C. in January 1930, and the London Naval Conference the following month, in the delegation led by Yajima Kajiko. She and Tsuneko Gauntlett presented a petition to British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, on behalf of the Women's Peace Association of Japan. "We must not only become mothers who care for our own children", she said, "but also become mothers who care for children of the world, wives, older and younger sisters. And we have to recognize that the second restoration must be carried out by women".Utako Hayashi, "Kokai-jo: Gunshuku Kaigi kara Kaette (Open Letter: Coming Back from the Disarmament Congress)," Yomiuri Shimbun (1 May 1930): 5; Included in How Did Japanese Women Peace Activists Interact with European Women as they Negotiated between Nationalism and Transnational Peace Activism to Promote Peace, 1915-1935?, Documents selected and interpreted by Taeko Shibahara. (Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street Press, 2011).
As late as 1945, she was listed as president of the Japan WCTU, and of the Japan Christian Women's League.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvIsAAAAIAAJ&q=Utako&pg=PA253|title=Civil Affairs Handbook, Japan Prefectural Studies, Tokyo-to|last=United States Department of the Army|date=1945|publisher=War Department|pages=253, 299}}
Personal life
Hayashi was married and divorced when she was a young woman. Kanno Sugako described Hayashi as her "spiritual mother". Hayashi died in 1946, aged 81 years, at a care home in Osaka.
References
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayashi, Utako}}
Category:People from Fukui Prefecture
Category:Japanese social workers
Category:Japanese temperance activists
Category:Converts to Christianity
Category:20th-century Japanese women educators
Category:20th-century Japanese educators
Category:19th-century Japanese women educators
Category:19th-century Japanese educators
Category:Presidents of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union