Hayden White

White received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Wayne State University (1951) and his Master of Arts (1952) and Doctor of Philosophy (1955) degrees from the University of Michigan. While an undergraduate at Wayne State, White studied history under William J. Bossenbrook alongside then-classmate Arthur Danto.

In 1998, White directed a seminar ("The Theory of the Text") at the School of Criticism and Theory.{{cite book|last=Jones|first=William B.|title=Robert Louis Stevenson Reconsidered: New Critical Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OINf5fU1mKwC&pg=PA63|access-date=8 February 2012|year=2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1399-7|page=63}}

He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991.{{Cite web|title=Hayden White|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/hayden-white|access-date=2021-12-01|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}} In 2000, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Hayden+White&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-12-01|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}

Among White's influences, there were two major figures who taught him "how the historian interprets something."{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2018/03/09/essay-death-hayden-white|title=Essay on the death of Hayden White {{!}} Inside Higher Ed|website=www.insidehighered.com|date=9 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-06-25}} The first was William J. Bossenbrook, who taught White as an undergraduate at Wayne State University. Bossenbrook saw history as fundamentally a story of the conflict between ideas, values, and dreams. Therefore, Bossenbrook regarded history as a mystery to be constantly pondered and studied rather than a puzzle to be solved. In his last book, The Practical Past (2014), White paid tribute to the significant effect of Bossenbrook. The second was 12th-century Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides, particularly his interpretation of the Bible. Maimonides said that since the creation is vast and complex, and God's will is beyond human's understanding, the goal of biblical interpretation should be to maximize possible interpretations. With this influence, White enjoyed comparing historians' tasks. The influence of Maimonides helped White focus on a variety of possible interpretations of history, not limited or prescribed history, which diminishes the possibility of interpretation.

{{See also|Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century Europe}}

In his seminal 1973 book Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe, White claimed that the manifest historical text{{Jargon-inline|date=September 2018}} is marked by strategies of explanation, which include explanation by argument, explanation by emplotment, and explanation by ideological implication.{{Cite book|title=Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century Europe|last=White|first=Hayden|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1975|isbn=9780801817618|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/274 274]|url=https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/274}} He argued that historical writing was influenced by literary writing in many ways, sharing the strong reliance on narrative for meaning.{{cite journal|last=White|first=Hayden|date=Winter 1973|title=Interpretation in History|journal=New Literary History|volume=4|issue=2|pages=281–314|doi=10.2307/468478|jstor=468478|s2cid=111384596}} Therefore, White contradicts the view that historical writing can be objective or scientific as purely empiric.

White mentions two figures who have enabled people to ask questions about history's objectivity: Marx and Nietzsche. According to White, these thinkers both use their philosophy to consider history which “not only makes us know something about the historical process but know how it knows it."{{Cite book|title=Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century Europe|last=White|first=Hayden|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1975|isbn=9780801817618|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/277 277]|url=https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/277}} They focus on the problem of history. Marx regards the problem of history as the problem of the mode of explanation, while, for Nietzsche, the problem is the problem of the mode of emplotment.{{Cite book|title=Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century Europe|last=White|first=Hayden|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1975|isbn=9780801817618|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/279 279]|url=https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/279}} Thus, history is recorded differently depending on which mode the historian chooses. As a result, ‘a value-free history’ cannot exist.{{Cite book|title=Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century Europe|last=White|first=Hayden|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1975|isbn=9780801817618|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/279 279–280]|url=https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/279}} Historiography consists of well-constructed narratives.

He insists, in particular in chapter 7, that philosophies of history are indispensable elements in historiography, which cannot be separated from historiography. For him, history is not simply a list of chronological events.{{Cite book|title=Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century Europe|last=White|first=Hayden|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1975|isbn=9780801817618|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/275 275]|url=https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/275}} White also argued, however, that history is most successful when it uses this "narrativity", since it is what allows history to be meaningful.{{cite journal|last=White|first=Hayden|date=Autumn 1980|title=The value of narrativity in the representation of reality|journal=Critical Inquiry|volume=1|pages=5–27|doi=10.1086/448086|s2cid=162223840}} Emphasizing history as a narrative using language, he argues that true history should contain both characteristics of synchronic and diachronic.{{Cite book|title=Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century Europe|last=White|first=Hayden|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1975|isbn=9780801817618|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/274 274–275]|url=https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/274}} This view is contrary to historians such as {{Interlanguage link|Eduard Fueter|lt=Eduard Fueter|it}} George Peabody Gooch, and Benedetto Croce, who tried to distinguish between historiography and philosophies of history. {{Cite book|title=Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century Europe|last=White|first=Hayden|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1975|isbn=9780801817618|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/269 269–270]|url=https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit/page/269}} He ended his career as University Professor Emeritus{{Cite web|url=https://histcon.ucsc.edu/faculty/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=hayden|title = Campus Directory - UC Santa Cruz}} at the history of consciousness department of the University of California, Santa Cruz, having previously retired from the comparative literature department of Stanford University.{{Cite news |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=10 March 2018 |title=Hayden White, Who Explored How History Is Made, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/09/obituaries/hayden-white-who-explored-how-history-is-made-dies-at-89.html |work=The New York Times |pages=B6}}

White figured prominently in a landmark California Supreme Court case regarding covert intelligence gathering on college campuses by police officers in the Los Angeles Police Department. White v. Davis, 13 Cal.3d 757, 533 P.2d 222, 120 Cal. Rptr. 94 (1975). During 1972, while a professor of history at UCLA and acting as sole plaintiff, White sued Chief of Police Edward M. Davis, alleging the illegal expenditure of public funds in connection with covert intelligence gathering by police at UCLA. The covert activities included police officers registering as students, taking notes of discussions occurring in classes, and making police reports on these discussions. White v. Davis, at 762. The California Supreme Court found for White in a unanimous decision. This case set the standard that determines the limits of legal police surveillance of political activity in California; police cannot engage in such surveillance in the absence of reasonable suspicion of a crime ("Lockyer Manual").{{Cite web |last=McLemee |first=Scott |title=Hayden White's Perplexing History |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2018/03/09/essay-death-hayden-white |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Inside Higher Ed |language=en}}

• {{cite book| title = The Ethics of Narrative, Volume 2: Essays on History, Literature, and Theory, 2007-2017|location= Ithaca| publisher=Cornell University Press| year = 2023}} Ed. Robert Doran, Fwd. Mieke Bal
• {{cite book| title = The Ethics of Narrative, Volume 1: Essays on History, Literature, and Theory, 1998-2007|location= Ithaca| publisher=Cornell University Press| year = 2022}} Ed. Robert Doran, Fwd. Judith Butler
• {{cite book| title = 40th Anniversary Edition: Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe| location= Baltimore | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 2014}}
• {{cite book| title = The Practical Past|location= Evanston | publisher=Northwestern University Press| year = 2014}}
• {{cite book| title = The Fiction of Narrative: Essays on History, Literature, and Theory, 1957-2007|location= Baltimore | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 2010}} Ed. Robert Doran
• {{cite book| title = Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect| location= Baltimore | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1999}}
• "Historiography and Historiophoty", The American Historical Review, Vol. 93, No. 5 (Dec., 1988), pp. 1193–1199 ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/1873534 online]).
• {{cite book| title = The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation| location= Baltimore | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1987}}
• [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343537 "Historical Pluralism"], Critical Inquiry, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Spring, 1986), pp. 480–493.
• [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2504969 "The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory"], History and Theory, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Feb., 1984), pp. 1–33.
• [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343276 "The Politics of Historical Interpretation: Discipline and De-Sublimation"], Critical Inquiry, Vol. 9, No. 1, The Politics of Interpretation (Sep., 1982), pp. 113–137.
• as editor (1982) with Margaret Brose {{cite book| title = Representing Kenneth Burke | location= Baltimore | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press| title-link= Kenneth Burke }}
• [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343174 "The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality"], Critical Inquiry, Vol. 7, No. 1, On Narrative (Autumn, 1980), pp. 5–27.
• {{cite book| title = Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism| url = https://archive.org/details/tropicsofdiscour00hayd| url-access = registration| location= Baltimore | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1978}}
• [https://www.jstor.org/stable/468478 "Interpretation in History"], New Literary History, Vol. 4, No. 2, On Interpretation: II (Winter, 1973), pp. 281–314.
• [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2504692 "Foucault Decoded: Notes from Underground"], History and Theory, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1973), pp. 23–54.
• {{cite book| title = Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe| location= Baltimore | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1973}}
• {{cite book| title = The Greco-Roman Tradition| url = https://archive.org/details/grecoromantradit0000whit| url-access = registration| location= New York | publisher=Harper & Row| year = 1973| isbn = 9780060470647}}
• as co-author (1970) with Willson Coates, The Ordeal of Liberal Humanism: An Intellectual History of Western Europe, vol. II: Since the French Revolution. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.
• as co-editor (1969) with Giorgio Tagliacozzo, Giambattista Vico: An International Symposium. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• as editor {{cite book|title=The Uses of History: Essays in Intellectual and Social History|url=https://archive.org/details/usesofhistoryess0000unse|url-access=registration|location=Detroit |publisher=Wayne State University Press| year = 1968}}
• [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2504510 "The burden of history"], History and Theory, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1966), pp. 111–134.
• as co-author (1966) with Willson Coates and J. Salwin Schapiro, The Emergence of Liberal Humanism. An Intellectual History of Western Europe, vol. I: From the Italian Renaissance to the French Revolution. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.{{Cite journal |last=Beik |first=Paul H. |date=1967-06-01 |title=The Emergence of Liberal Humanism: An Intellectual History of Western Europe. Vol. I: From the Italian Renaissance to the French Revolution, by J. Salwyn Schapiro, Willson H. Coates and Hayden V. White |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article-abstract/82/2/281/7144100?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=281–282 |doi=10.2307/2147227 |issn=0032-3195|url-access=subscription }}

{{reflist|30em}}

• Doran, Robert (ed.). Philosophy of History After Hayden White, London: Bloomsbury, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-441-10821-0}}
• Re-Figuring Hayden White, Edited by Frank Ankersmit, Ewa Domanska, and Hans Kellner. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-6003-4}}
• Doran, Robert. "Metahistory and the Ethics of Historiography," Storia della Storiografia, 65.1 (2014): 153-162.
• Doran, Robert. [https://archive.today/20130616023823/http://www.sagepub.com/books/Book230573/toc%23tabview=toc "The Work of Hayden White I: Mimesis, Figuration, and the Writing of History"], The SAGE Handbook of Historical Theory, ed. Nancy Partner and Sarah Foot (London: Sage Publications, 2013): 106-118.
• {{cite book | author=Muszynski, Lisa | title=Unmaking History-as-Fiction: Decoupling the Two Incompatible Principles of Language in Hayden White's Linguistic Turn, 1970s–2000s | publisher=University of Helsinki | year=2017 | isbn=978-951-51-2593-4 | url=http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-51-2594-1 | type=Ph.D. thesis }}
• Ghasemi, Mehdi. “[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244014542585 Revisiting History in Hayden White’s Philosophy].” SAGE Open, 2014, 4(3), July–September: 1-7.
• Paul, Herman. Hayden White: The Historical Imagination (Key Contemporary Thinkers), Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-745-65013-5}}
• Pihlainen, Kalle. The Work of History: Constructivism and a Politics of the Past (with a Foreword by Hayden White), New York: Routledge, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-138-69746-1}}
• Pihlainen, Kalle. [https://archive.today/20130616023823/http://www.sagepub.com/books/Book230573/toc%23tabview=toc "The Work of Hayden White II: Defamiliarizing Narrative."] The SAGE Handbook of Historical Theory, ed. Nancy Partner and Sarah Foot (London: Sage Publications, 2013): 119–135.
• Pihlainen, Kalle. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13642520701838769 "History in the world: Hayden White and the consumer of history”], Rethinking History 12:1 (2008), 23–39.
• Daddow, Oliver. [http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&issn=1364-2529&volume=12&issue=1&spage=41 "Exploding history: Hayden White on disciplinization"], Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice, 1470-1154, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 41–58.
• Finney, Patrick. [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p251592_index.html "Hayden White and the Tragedy of International History"], Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association's 49th Annual Convention; San Francisco, CA, USA, March 26, 2008.
• [http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2001/55/white.html "Hayden White Talks Trash"], Interview by Frederick Aldama, Issue #55, May 2001.

{{Wikiquote}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080309013857/http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~ewa/Hayden_White_Bibliography.htm Bibliography] of Hayden White.
• [http://www.phillwebb.net/topics/history/White/White.htm Another Bibliography] of Hayden White
• [https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c81r6xfp/ Hayden V. White Papers at University of California, Santa Cruz Special Collections]

{{Authority control}}

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