Health information exchange

In a centralized model of HIE, there is a central (or master) database that holds a copy of every patient’s records. Information is uploaded to a single database from which any provider in the HIE can access and download. In a federated model of HIE, there is no master database. Records are exchanged electronically among providers when they need them.{{cite web|author=HIMSS HIE Guide Work Group |date=November 2009 |title=Topic Series: HIE Technical Models |publisher=Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) |url=http://www.himss.org/files/HIMSSorg/content/files/2009HIETechnicalModels.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319013050/http://www.himss.org/files/HIMSSorg/content/files/2009HIETechnicalModels.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.himss.org/ASP/topics_rhio.asp |title=HIMSS RHIO / HIE |website=HIMSS |publisher=Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society |archive-date=2008-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926145115/http://www.himss.org/ASP/topics_rhio.asp |url-status=dead }}

Exchanges in the US must operate with patient consent to comply with not only the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) but also a variety of state and federal laws and regulations. This was clarified by the Office of Civil Rights in the January 2013 Final Omnibus Rule Update to HIPAA.{{cite web|title=The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Omnibus Final Rule Summary |publisher=American Medical Association |date=19 February 2013 |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/washington/hipaa-omnibus-final-rule-summary.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418043425/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/washington/hipaa-omnibus-final-rule-summary.pdf |url-status=dead }}

Explicit consent and implicit consent are two methods for gaining patient consent. With explicit consent, or opt-in, a patient is not automatically enrolled into the HIE by default and generally must submit a written request to join the exchange. In implicit patient consent, or opt-out, patients give implicit consent to join an HIE when they agree to use the services of a healthcare provider, submit data into an HIE and sign the provider's Notice Of Privacy Practices. Patients can request to opt out of the HIE, generally with a written form.{{cite web|title=Opt-in Versus Opt-out: Consent Models for Health Information Exchange through Missouri's Statewide Health Information Exchange Network |date=14 April 2010 |website=Missouri Department of Social Services |url=http://dss.mo.gov/hie/leadership/pdf2010/optin_vs_optout_overview.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527180435/http://www.dss.mo.gov/hie/leadership/pdf2010/optin_vs_optout_overview.pdf |url-status=dead }}

;Frysian Health Information Exchange

Connects Medical Centre Leeuwarden and Academic Center in Groningen with community hospitals like Nij Smellinghe Hospital in Drachten.{{cite web |title=Project References |website=Forcare |publisher=Forcare Canada Inc. |url=http://www.forcare.com/solutions/forcare-project-references/ |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920130007/http://www.forcare.com/solutions/forcare-project-references/ |archive-date=20 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |first=John |last=Brosky |date=21 May 2010 |title=Dutch cardiology network enables real-time consultations |website=healthcare-in-europe.com |publisher=European Hospital |url=http://www.healthcare-in-europe.com/en/article/7234-dutch-cardiology-network-enables-real-time-consultations.html |access-date=15 September 2016 }}

The Friesland Regional Cardiology Network reduces patient hospital stays by one or two days..Once records are uploaded to the cardiology network, they remain available for consultation at any time, allowing healthcare providers to review a patient's previous episodes of care.

Hospitals in the Dutch provinces Groningen, Friesland, and Drenthe have created a (diagnostic) image exchange network to phase out CD/DVD-based exchanges using an IHE (XDS) platform. St. [http://www.gerrit-net.nl Gerrit], the local HIE organization, has gradually expanded the network since 2014, spanning 10 hospitals to date.

• ZorgNetOost{{cite web |title=Home |website=ZorgNetOost |language=nl |url=https://www.zorgnetoost.nl/ |access-date=27 September 2017 }}
• Radboud University Medical Center
• Image Exchange South East-Brabant – Maxima Medical Center, Elkerliek Hospital, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, St. Anna Hospital
• Regional Exchange Network West-Brabant{{cite web |title=Stichting Regionaal Elektronisch Netwerk West-Brabant |language=nl |url=http://www.renwbr.nl/ |access-date=27 September 2017 }}
• Image Exchange Network Breda – Amphia Hospital, BVI,{{Expand acronym|date=September 2017}} Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital{{cite web|url=https://www.ihe-nl.org/uploads/bestanden/a4_ihe_--_Success_Story_West_and_Mid_Brabant_feb2015-1_(3)_(1).pdf |title=Newsletter |date=2015 |website=ihe-nl.org |access-date=2019-05-21}}
• Rotterdam Exchange Network RijnmondNet{{cite web|url=https://www.ihe-nl.org/uploads/bestanden/SS_IHE-XDS-platform-RijnmondNet-ENG.pdf |title=Newsletter |website=ihe-nl.org |access-date=2019-05-21}}
• TRIJN{{cite web |title=Trijn |language=nl |url=https://trijn.nu/ |access-date=27 September 2017 }}
• Zorgring Noord-Holland Noord{{cite web |title=Stichting Zorgring NHN |language=nl |url=https://www.zorgring.nl/ |access-date=27 September 2017 }}

• Sussex and Surrey
• [https://vimeo.com/93341130 Bristol]
• Great Ormond Street [https://vimeo.com/90301954 Hospital]

• NIMIS

• Helsinki-Uusimaa Health District

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CRISP serves as the state-designated HIE for Maryland and the District of Columbia. It is a nonprofit organization that connects healthcare providers and patients through its platform to enhance care coordination and patient outcomes. CRISP integrates health information from hospitals, laboratories, pharmacies, and other healthcare entities, enabling providers to access real-time patient data. It focuses on ensuring that providers have access to the information they need to make informed clinical decisions.{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.crisphealth.org/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Improve Outcomes and Enhance the Patient Experience {{!}} CRISP}}

Key Features:

• Real-time health data sharing.
• Analytics services to support public health initiatives.
• Broad provider participation, including small practices and large hospital systems.{{Cite web |title=For Patients |url=https://www.crisphealth.org/for-patients/#what-is-crisp |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Improve Outcomes and Enhance the Patient Experience {{!}} CRISP}}

Health Info Net operates as the state-designated HIE in Maine, offering a centralized repository of health data for its users. It connects hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare providers, creating a comprehensive view of patients' medical histories. By reducing redundant testing and improving clinical decision-making, Health Info Net aims to enhance the quality and efficiency of healthcare delivery.{{Cite web |title=For Patients |url=https://hinfonet.org/for-patients/#learn |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=HealthInfoNet |language=en-US}}

Key Features:

• Advanced analytics to support population health management.
• A strong emphasis on privacy and security.
• A patient-centric approach that empowers individuals with access to their data.

Arizona's Health Information Exchange, led by the state's Medicaid agency, provides a web-based platform to facilitate the exchange of health information among providers. This system helps bridge the gap between healthcare organizations and ensures that patient's medical records are accessible regardless of the provider they visit. The Arizona HIE has been instrumental in improving care coordination and reducing costs associated with fragmented care.{{Cite web |last=Contexture |title=Arizona Health Information Exchange |url=https://contexture.org/arizona-health-information-exchange/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Contexture |language=en-US}}

Key Features:

• Statewide data sharing among healthcare providers.
• Emphasis on Medicaid integration to improve care for under-served populations.
• Tools to enhance care quality and reduce redundancies.

The Indiana Health Information Exchange is a nonprofit organization recognized as one of the largest and most comprehensive HIEs in the United States. IHIE connects hospitals, physician practices, laboratories, and other healthcare entities across Indiana, facilitating a seamless flow of information. Its services are designed to provide healthcare providers with complete and timely data to support better decision-making and patient care.{{Cite web |last=laura |title=Indiana Health Information Exchange - Your Healthcare Records Matter |url=https://www.ihie.org/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Indiana Health Information Exchange |language=en-US}}

Key Features:

• Robust data analytics for quality improvement initiatives.
• Supports clinical research and healthcare innovation.
• Collaboration with public health agencies to enhance statewide healthcare efforts.

Manifest MedEx is a nonprofit HIE based in California, focusing on real-time health information exchange to improve care coordination and patient outcomes. It collaborates with hospitals, health plans, and healthcare providers to deliver a comprehensive view of patient data. Manifest MedEx emphasizes the importance of actionable insights to drive better healthcare outcomes.{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.manifestmedex.org/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Manifest MedEx |language=en-US}}

Key Features:

• Real-time alerts for critical health events.
• Integration of claims data with clinical records for a holistic view of patient health.
• Strong partnerships with health plans and accountable care organizations.

The Colorado Regional Health Information Organization serves as the state-designated HIE for Colorado. CORHIO connects healthcare providers, including hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, and laboratories, to ensure seamless access to patient data. Its mission is to improve the quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness of healthcare delivery through technology and collaboration.{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.corhio.org/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250108134249/https://www.corhio.org/ |archive-date=2025-01-08 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.corhio.org |language=en}}

Key Features:

• A comprehensive network of healthcare providers across Colorado.
• Focus on public health reporting and disease tracking.
• Support for rural healthcare providers through specialized programs.{{Cite web |date=2017-06-05 |title=CORHIO – Colorado Regional Health Information Organization |url=https://career.du.edu/companies/corhio-colorado-regional-health-information-organization/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Career & Professional Development {{!}} University of Denver |language=en-US}}

• DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)
• LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes)
• Health informatics
• Health Level 7 (HL7)
• Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE)
• Medical imaging
• Regional Health Information Organization (RHIO)

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• {{cite journal |last1=McGowan |first1=Julie J. |last2=Overhage |first2=J. Marc |last3=Barnes |first3=Mike |last4=McDonald |first4=Clement J. |title=Indianapolis I3: The third generation Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=179–87 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15098046 |pmc=385298 }}
• {{cite report |first1=Janet |last1=Marchibroda |first2=Jennifer Covich |last2=Bordenick |publisher=eHealth Initiative |location=Washington, DC |title=Emerging Trends and Issues in Health Information Exchange: Selected findings from eHealth Initiative Foundation's Second Annual Survey of State, Regional and Community-based Health Information Exchange Initiatives and Organizations |date=29 August 2005 |oclc=61482941 |url=https://ehi-rails-app.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/article/file/157/2005_eHI_HIE-Survey-Report.pdf }}
• {{cite book |last=Hagland |first=Mark |date=2009 |title=Transformative Quality: The Emerging Revolution in Health Care Performance |publisher=CRC Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4200-8492-4 |oclc=502919031 }}

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Category:Health informatics