Heart and dart

{{short description|Species of moth}}

{{redirect|heart-and-dart|the architectural motif|Rais-de-cœur}}

{{Speciesbox

| image = Agrotis exclamationis01.jpg

| taxon = Agrotis exclamationis

| authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)

| synonyms = {{Specieslist

|Euxoa exclaimationis|

|Euxoa serena|

}}

}}

The heart and dart (Agrotis exclamationis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. A familiar moth to many, it is considered one of the most common of the European region. It occurs throughout the Palearctic realm from Ireland to Japan.

Image:Agrotis exclamationis2.jpg

Image:Euxoa serena m.jpg

Image:Euxoa serena f.jpg

This is a quite variable species with forewings ranging from pale to dark brown but always recognizable by the distinctively shaped dark stigmata which give it its common name. The wingspan is 35–44 mm. The hindwings are whitish (compared with other common Agrotis species, the hindwings of this species are usually paler than in heart and club but darker than in turnip moth). This species usually has a dark area at the front of the thorax, visible as a horizontal bar when viewing the moth head on. The differences are not consistent however; they are highly variable in both colour and markings, and identification of atypical or worn examples may prove impossible without examination of genitalia. See Townsend et al.Martin C. Townsend, Jon Clifton and Brian Goodey (2010). [https://butterfly-conservation.org/uploads/Difficult_species_guide_page_48.pdf British and Irish Moths: An Illustrated Guide to Selected Difficult Species]. (covering the use of genitalia characters and other features) Butterfly Conservation.

This moth flies at night from May to July{{ref|flight_season}} and is attracted to light, sometimes in large numbers. It also frequently visits nectar-rich flowers such as Buddleia, ragwort and red valerian.

Image:Agrotis exclamationis (caterpillar) - Die Schmetterlinge Deutschlands mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Biologie.png

The larva The caterpillars are coloured grey-brown, paler ventrally and have a pale dorsal line and clearly recognizable black point warts.

The pupa is bright red. On the cremaster sit two short curved thorns.Larvae feed on a variety of plants, both wild and cultivated (see list below). This is one of the notorious cutworms and often severs or fatally damages plants at the base. The species overwinters as a full-grown larva in a chamber in the soil before pupating in the spring.

1. {{Note|flight_season}}The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.