Hedera

File:Ivy fruits.JPG adult leaves and unripe berries in Ayrshire, Scotland]]

On level ground ivies remain creeping, not exceeding 5–20 cm height, but on surfaces suitable for climbing, including trees, natural rock outcrops or man-made structures such as quarry rock faces or built masonry and wooden structures, they can climb to at least 30 m above the ground. Ivies have two leaf types, with palmately lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the tops of rock faces, from 2 m or more above ground. The juvenile and adult shoots also differ, the former being slender, flexible and scrambling or climbing with small aerial roots to affix the shoot to the substrate (rock or tree bark), the latter thicker, self-supporting and without roots. The flowers are greenish-yellow with five small petals; they are produced in umbels in autumn to early winter and are very rich in nectar. The fruit is a greenish-black, dark purple or (rarely) yellow berry 5–10 mm diameter with one to five seeds, ripening in late winter to mid-spring. The seeds are dispersed by birds which eat the berries.

The species differ in detail of the leaf shape and size (particularly of the juvenile leaves) and in the structure of the leaf trichomes, and also in the size and, to a lesser extent, the colour of the flowers and fruit. The chromosome number also differs between species. The basic diploid number is 48, while some are tetraploid with 96, and others hexaploid with 144 and octaploid with 192 chromosomes.Ackerfield, J, & Wen, J. (2002). A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications. Adansonia sér. 3, 24: 197-212. [http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/adanson/a02n2a6.pdf Full text.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808024417/http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/adanson/a02n2a6.pdf |date=2011-08-08 }}

Ivies are natives of Eurasia and North Africa, but have been introduced to North America and Australia. They invade disturbed forest areas in North America.{{cite journal|author1=Ingham, C.S. |author2=Borman, M.M. |year=2010|title=English Ivy (Hedera spp., Araliaceae) Response to Goat Browsing|journal=Invasive Plant Science and Management|volume=3|issue=2|pages=178–181|doi=10.1614/ipsm-09-021.1|s2cid=86767633 }} Ivy seeds are spread by birds.

Ivies are of major ecological importance for their nectar and fruit production, both produced at times of the year when few other nectar or fruit sources are available.{{cite journal |author=Mitchell, A. F. |year=1975 |title=Three Forest Climbers: Ivy, Old Man's Beard and Honeysuckle |journal=Forest Record |volume=102}} The ivy bee Colletes hederae is completely dependent on ivy flowers, timing its entire life cycle around ivy flowering.Hymettus — BWARS Information Sheet: [http://www.bwars.com/Files%204%20downloading/Info_sheets/01_Colletes_hederae_1col_infosheet.pdf Ivy Bee (Colletes hederae)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428202455/http://www.bwars.com/Files%204%20downloading/Info_sheets/01_Colletes_hederae_1col_infosheet.pdf |date=2011-04-28 }} The fruit are eaten by a range of birds, including thrushes, blackcaps, and woodpigeons. The leaves are eaten by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as angle shades, lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing, scalloped hazel, small angle shades, small dusty wave (which feeds exclusively on ivy), swallow-tailed moth and willow beauty.

A very wide range of invertebrates shelter and overwinter in the dense woody tangle of ivy. Birds and small mammals also nest in ivy.[https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/landscape/rubble/ivy/ivy-report.pdf English Heritage - Ivy on Walls] Seminar Report, 19 May 2010 www.geog.ox.ac.uk, accessed 11 November 2020 It serves to increase the surface area and complexity of woodland environments.

File:Hedera canariensis Gomera.jpg juvenile leaves, Gomera, Canary Islands.]]

File:Hedera algeriensis 01.jpg]]

The following species are widely accepted; they are divided into two main groups, depending on whether they have scale-like or stellate trichomes on the undersides of the leaves:McAllister, H. (1982). New work on ivies Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook 1981: 106–109.Germplasm Resources Information Network [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5448 Species Records of Hedera] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121955/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5448 |date=2015-09-24 }}

• Trichomes scale-like
• Hedera algeriensis Hibberd – Algerian ivy. Algeria, Tunisia (Mediterranean coast).
• Hedera canariensis Willd. – Canaries ivy. Canary Islands.
• Hedera colchica (K.Koch) K.Koch – Persian ivy. Alborz, Caucasus, Turkey.
• Hedera cypria McAllister – Cyprus ivy (syn. H. pastuchovii subsp. cypria (McAll.) Hand). Cyprus (Troodos Mts.)
• Hedera iberica (McAllister) Ackerfield & J.Wen – Iberian ivy. SW Iberian coasts.
• Hedera maderensis – Madeiran ivy. Madeira.
• Hedera maroccana McAllister – Moroccan ivy. Morocco.
• Hedera nepalensis K.Koch – Himalayan ivy (syn. H. sinensis (Tobl.) Hand.-Mazz.). Himalaya, SW China.
• Hedera pastuchovii G.Woronow – Pastuchov's ivy. Caucasus, Alborz.
• Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Siebold ex Bean – Japanese ivy. Japan, Korea, Taiwan.
• Trichomes stellate
• Hedera azorica Carrière – Azores ivy. Azores.
• Hedera crebrescens M. Bényei-Himmer et M. Höhn - Buda ivy. Central Europe
• Hedera helix L. – Common ivy (syn. H. caucasigena Pojark., H. taurica (Hibberd) Carrière). Europe, and widely introduced elsewhere.
• Hedera hibernica (G.Kirchn.) Bean – Atlantic ivy (syn. H. helix subsp. hibernica (G.Kirchn.) D.C.McClint.). Atlantic western Europe.

The species of ivy are largely allopatric and closely related, and many have on occasion been treated as varieties or subspecies of H. helix, the first species described. Several additional species have been described in the southern parts of the former Soviet Union, but are not regarded as distinct by most botanists.

Hybrids have been recorded between several Hedera species, including Atlantic ivy (H hibernica) with common ivy (H helix).R H Marshall, H A McAllister & J D Armitage (2017), A summary of hybrids detected in the genus Hedera (Araliaceae) with the provision of three new names, New Journal of Botany, 7:1, 2-8 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20423489.2017.1344041] Hybridisation may also have played a part in the evolution of some species in the genus. A well-known hybrid involving ivies is the intergeneric hybrid × Fatshedera lizei, a cross between Fatsia japonica and Hedera hibernica. This hybrid was produced once in a garden in France in 1910 and has never successfully been repeated, the hybrid being maintained in cultivation by vegetative propagation.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 2: 60. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.Metcalfe, D. J. (2005). [http://www.lclark.edu/org/kennedy/objects/Metcafle2005.pdf Biological Flora of the British Isles no. 268 Hedera helix L.] Journal of Ecology 93: 632–648.

File:Gwenyn ar Flodau Eiddew - Bees on Ivy Flowers - geograph.org.uk - 547757.jpg and other nectar feeders.]]

File:Hedera helix Leaves 3008px.jpg

Ivies are very popular in cultivation within their native range and compatible climates elsewhere, for their evergreen foliage, attracting wildlife, and for adaptable design uses in narrow planting spaces and on tall or wide walls for aesthetic addition, or to hide unsightly walls, fences and tree stumps. Numerous cultivars with variegated foliage and/or unusual leaf shapes have been selected for horticultural use.

The American Ivy Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hedera, and recognises over 400 registered cultivars.{{cite web |title=Ivies |url=http://www.ivy.org/gallery1.htm |publisher=The American Ivy Society |access-date=12 October 2023}}

File:Hedera climbs on a pine tree.jpg) in Headley, UK. ]]

Much discussion has involved whether or not ivy climbing trees will harm trees. In Europe, the harm is generally minor although there can be competition for soil nutrients, light, and water, and senescent trees supporting heavy ivy growth can be liable to windthrow damage. The UK's Woodland Trust says "Ivy has long been accused of strangling trees, but it doesn’t harm the tree at all, and even supports at least 50 species of wildlife."{{cite web|url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/plants/wild-flowers/ivy/|title=Ivy (Hedera helix)|access-date=23 December 2019|website=Woodland Trust}} Harm and problems are more significant in North America, where ivy is without the natural pests and diseases that control its vigour in its native continents; the photosynthesis or structural strength of a tree can be overwhelmed by aggressive ivy growth leading to death directly or by opportunistic disease and insect attacks.{{Cite web|title=Hedera helix|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/hedhel/all.html|access-date=2021-01-21|website=www.fs.fed.us}}

{{also|Hedera helix#Invasive species}}

Several ivy species have become a serious invasive species (invasive exotic) in natural native plant habitats, especially riparian and woodland types, and also a horticultural weed in gardens of the western and southern regions of North America with milder winters. Ivies create a dense, vigorously smothering, shade-tolerant evergreen groundcover that can spread through assertive underground rhizomes and above-ground runners quickly over large natural plant community areas and outcompete the native vegetation. The use of ivies as ornamental plants in horticulture in California and other states is now discouraged or banned in certain jurisdictions.{{Cite web |url=http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/pdf/Criteria.pdf |title=Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-native Plants that Threaten Wildlands |publisher=Cal-IPC. |date=2003-02-28 |access-date=2010-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612193359/http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/pdf/Criteria.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-12 |url-status=dead }} Drought-tolerant H. canariensis and H. algeriensis and European H. helix were originally cultivated in garden, park, and highway landscaping, but they have become aggressively invasive in coastal forests and riparian ecosystems, now necessitating costly eradication programs.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cal-ipc.org/paf/ |title=California Invasive Plant Council Interactive Database. |publisher=Cal-IPC. |access-date=2014-05-27}} Similar problems exist in Australia{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}. Only one species of ivy, H. helix , bears the status of 'declared weed' in Australia; in the Australian Capital Territory, and Western Australia only. {{cite web |title=Hedera helix |url=https://weeds.org.au/profiles/english-ivy/ |website=Weeds Australia |publisher=Centre for Invasive Species Solutions |access-date=20 January 2025}}

The berries are moderately toxic to humans. Ivy foliage contains triterpenoid saponins and falcarinol.

Falcarinol is capable of inducing contact dermatitis. It has also been shown to kill breast cancer cells.{{Cite journal|author1=M. Kobæk-Larsen |author2=L. P. Christensen |author3=W. Vach |author4=J. Ritskes-Hoitinga |author5=K. Brandt | title = Inhibitory Effects of Feeding with Carrots or (-)-Falcarinol on Development of Azoxymethane-Induced Preneoplastic Lesions in the Rat Colon| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry| year = 2005| volume = 53| issue = 5|pages = 1823–1827| doi = 10.1021/jf048519s| pmid = 15740080 }}

The flowers of ivy are pollinated by Hymenoptera and are particularly attractive to the common wasp.

The name ivy derives from Old English ifig, cognate with German Efeu, of unknown original meaning.{{Cite book|last=Werner|first=W.|url=https://unipub.uni-graz.at/obvugrhs/content/titleinfo/208188/full.pdf|title=The Terminology of Medicinal Plants in English and German. Linguistic and didactic aspects|publisher=|year=2009|isbn=|location=|pages=}} The scientific name Hedera is the classical Latin name for the plant. Old regional common names in Britain, no longer used, include "Bindwood" and "Lovestone", for the way it clings and grows over stones and bricks. US Pacific Coast regional common names for H. canariensis include "California ivy" and "Algerian ivy". For H. helix, regional common names include "common ivy" (Britain and Ireland) and "English ivy" (North America).

The name ivy has also been used as a common name for a number of other unrelated plants, including Boston ivy (Japanese creeper Parthenocissus tricuspidata, in the family Vitaceae), Cape-ivy (used interchangeably for Senecio angulatus and Delairea odorata, Asteraceae), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans, Anacardiaceae), Swedish ivy (whorled plectranthus Plectranthus verticillatus, Lamiaceae) and ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea, also Lamiaceae), and Kenilworth ivy (Cymbalaria muralis, Plantaginaceae).

Like many other evergreen plants, which impressed European cultures by persisting through the winter, ivy has traditionally been imbued with a spiritual significance. It was brought into homes to drive out evil spirits.

In Ancient Rome it was believed that a wreath of ivy could prevent a person from becoming drunk, and such a wreath was worn by Bacchus, the god of intoxication.

Ivy bushes or ivy-wrapped poles have traditionally been used to advertise taverns in the United Kingdom, and many pubs are still called The Ivy.[https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/guides/the-history-of-pub-names/ the-history-of-pub-names] Ordnance Survey guides getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk, accessed 11 November 2020

The clinging nature of ivy makes it a symbol of love and friendship, there was once a tradition of priests giving ivy to newlyweds, and as it clings to dead trees and remains green, it was also viewed as a symbol of the eternal life of the soul after the death of the body in medieval Christian symbolism.Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural icons and the meaning behind them, by Hans Beidermann, translated by James Hulbert 1992 P.187

The traditional British Christmas carol, "The Holly and the Ivy", uses ivy as a symbol for the Virgin Mary.

Ivy-covered ruins were a staple of the Romantic movement in landscape painting, for example Visitor to a Moonlit Churchyard by Philip James de Loutherbourg (1790), Tintern Abbey, West Front by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1794) and Netley Abbey by Francis Towne (1809). In this context ivy may represent the ephemerality of human endeavours and the sublime power of nature.

The image of ivy-covered historic buildings gave the name Ivy League to a group of old and prestigious American universities.{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas |title=ivy |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/ivy#etymonline_v_12296 |website=Etymonline |access-date=24 December 2020}}

Ivy features extensively in the 2010 movie Arrietty and the poster for the film.

File:Beroun, Hostim, popínavé rostliny v údolí říčky Loděnice-Kačák.JPG|Hedera helix on trees near Srbsko, Czech Republic

File:Hedera colchica0.jpg|Hedera colchica leaves and flowers

File:Hedera hibernica with berries.JPG|Hedera hibernica with berries

File:Ivy 77uf be.JPG|Hedera helix leaves, Bremerhaven

File:Hedera helix 003.JPG|Hedera helix flowers

• Anjo Festival
• Bığbığ Ivy
• List of poisonous plants
• NASA Clean Air Study

{{Reflist}}

• [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:90723-1 Kew plant profiles: Hedera helix (common ivy)]
• {{cite web |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7723508/Ivy-is-good-for-walls-finds-Oxford-University-study.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100520053656/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/7723508/Ivy-is-good-for-walls-finds-Oxford-University-study.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 20 May 2010 |title = Ivy is good for walls, finds Oxford University study |last = Hutchison |first = Peter |publisher = Telegraph |date = 14 May 2010 |website = The Telegraph |access-date= 13 March 2014 }}
• {{cite web |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346680073 |title = Hedera helix ssp. helix, leaves of a wild specimen |last = Walkowiak |first = Radoslaw |publisher = CTC Digital Plant Collection |date = 2020 |website = ResearchGate }}

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Category:Apiales genera

Category:Christmas plants

Category:Flora of Africa

Category:Flora of Europe

Category:Garden plants of Africa

Category:Garden plants of Europe

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Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

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Category:Flora invasive in North America