Heimosodat

{{Short description|Interwar conflicts in Finnish territory}}

{{Expand German|topic=mil|date=June 2018}}

{{Italic title}}{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Heimosodat (1918–1922)

| partof = the Russian Civil War

| image = Finnish and Karelian troops in 1921.jpg

| image_size = 300

| caption = Finnish and East Karelian soldiers fighting side by side against Russians during the East Karelian uprising

| date = 21 March 1918 – 21 March 1922
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=21|year1=1918|month2=03|day2=21|year2=1922}})

| place = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{hlist|Estonia|Karelia|Ingria|Petsamo|East Karelia}}}}

| coordinates =

| map_type =

| map_relief =

| map_size =

| map_caption =

| result = Treaty of Tartu

| territory = Finnish victory in Estonia and annexation of Petsamo
Soviet victory in White Karelia, Aunus, Petrograd and East Karelia

| combatant1 = {{plainlist|

• {{flagicon image|Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg}} Finnish White Guard
• {{flagicon|Estonia}} Estonia
• {{flagicon|Uhtua}} Uhtua
• {{flagicon|Uhtua|war}} Forest Guerrillas
• {{flagicon image|Ingrian people.svg}} North Ingria

}}{{flag|United Kingdom}} (Estonian War of Independence)

| combatant2 = {{plainlist|

• {{flagdeco|Russian SFSR|1918}} Russian SFSR
• {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Finnish Red Guards
• {{flagicon image|Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg}} Commune of Estonia
• {{flag|United Kingdom}}

}} (Viena expedition and Petsamo expeditions)

| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg}} Kurt Martti Wallenius
{{flagicon|Estonia}} Johan Laidoner
{{flagicon|Uhtua|war}} Ukki Väinämöinen
{{flagicon image|Ingrian people.svg}} Georg Elfvengren{{Executed}}

| commander2 = {{plainlist|

• {{flagdeco|Russian SFSR|1918}} Jukums Vācietis
• {{flagdeco|Russian SFSR|1918}} Leon Trotsky

}}

| strength1 = Finland:
~10,000

| strength2 = Red Army:
113,000{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
Red Guard:
1,500{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

| casualties1 =

| casualties2 =

}}

{{Campaignbox Heimosodat}}

File:Finnish military expeditions to areas of the former Russian Empire (East Karelia) in the years 1918-1922.svg. The areas in light red represent the territorial gains hoped for as part of a Greater Finland. A Three Isthmuses border would have drastically shortened the length of the border with Russia.]]

The Finnish term {{lang|fi|Heimosodat}} (singular {{lang|fi|heimosota}}){{efn|{{Langx|et|hõimusõjad}}, {{Langx|sv|frändefolkskrigen}}, {{Langx|de|Kriege verwandter Völker}}}}{{cite book |language=de |title=Vergangenheitsdiskurse in der Ostseeregion |trans-title=Discourses on the past in the Baltic Sea region |last1=Zägel |first1=Jörg |first2=Reiner |last2=Steinweg |year=2007 |publisher=LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-0202-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4PmoD9BDRkC&q=heimosodat&pg=PA142 |via=Google Books}} refers to a series of armed conflicts and private military expeditions in 1918–1922 into areas of the former Russian Empire that bordered on Finland and were inhabited in large part by other Finnic peoples.

The term has been translated into English as "Kindred Nations Wars", "Wars for kindred peoples", "Kinfolk wars",{{Cite book |url=https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/wild-east-finnish-kinfolk-wars-and-the-eastern-european-revolutio |title=Villi itä: Suomen heimosodat ja Itä-Euroopan murros 1918-1921 |trans-title=Wild East: Finnish tribal wars and the transition of Eastern Europe 1918-1921 |language=fi |first1=Aapo |last1=Roselius |first2=Oula |last2=Silvennoinen |date=May 15, 2019 |publisher=Tammi |isbn=9789513175498 |via=researchportal.helsinki.fi}} or "Kinship Wars," specifically referring to Finnic kinship. Finnish volunteers took part in these conflicts, either to assert Finnish control over areas inhabited by related Finnic peoples, or to help them gain independence from Soviet Russia. Many of the volunteers were inspired by the idea of "Greater Finland". Some of the conflicts were incursions from Finland, and some were local uprisings in which volunteers wanted either to help people fight for independence or to annex areas to Finland. According to Aapo Roselius, about 10,000 volunteers from Finland took part in the armed conflicts mentioned below.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xCJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |title=Finnish Irredentist Campaigns in the Aftermath of the Civil War // The Finnish Civil War 1918. History, Memory, Legacy |last=Roselius |first=Aapo |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-24366-8 |location=The Netherlands |pages=119 |via=Google Books}}

• Viena expedition (1918)
• Murmansk Legion
• Petsamo expeditions (1918 and 1920)
• Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920)
• Pohjan Pojat ({{lit|Sons of the North}}) and {{ill|1st Finnish Volunteer Corps|fi|I Suomalainen Vapaajoukko|lt=1st Finnish Volunteer Corps (I Suomalainen Vapaajoukko)}} helped Estonian troops.
• Revolt of the Ingrian Finns (1918–1920)
• Aunus expedition (1919)
• Advance on Petrograd (1919)

• East Karelian Uprising (1921–1922)

The phenomenon is closely linked to nationalism and irredentism, as Finland had just formally gained its national independence in 1917, and a part of the population felt that they had obligations to help other Finnic peoples to attain the same. Estonia, the closest and numerically largest "kindred nation", had gained its independence at the same time, but had fewer resources, fewer institutions ready to support its attained position, and more Bolshevik Russian troops within its borders. Other Finnic peoples were at a less organized level of cultural, economic and political capability. The Finnish Civil War had awakened strong nationalistic feelings in Finnish citizens and other Finnic peoples, and they sought tangible ways to put these feelings into action. For the two next decades, Finns participated at a relatively high rate in nationalistic activities (e.g. Karelianism and Finnicization of the country and its institutions). This development was related to the trauma and divisiveness of the Finnish Civil War. Many White sympathizers in the Civil War became radically nationalistic as a result of the war. The strenuous five-year period of World War II — which also mostly unified the nation — reduced this enthusiasm.