Heinrich Laufenberg

Initially a member of the Centre Party, Laufenberg joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the early 1900s. He became associated with a faction on the left of the party led by Wilhelm Schmitt and Peter Berten and when this group gained the upper hand within the Düsseldorf party in 1904 Laufenberg was appointed editor of the party organ Volkszeitung.Mary Nolan, Social Democracy and Society: Working Class Radicalism in Düsseldorf, 1890-1920, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 95 Laufenberg also worked as an educationalist within the party, offering basic courses on socialism to party members of Düsseldorf.Nolan, Social Democracy and Society, p. 136 At this point in his career Laufenberg endorsed orthodox Marxism and supported Clara Zetkin in her ideological struggles with revisionists like Gerhard Hildebrand.Stanley Pierson, Marxist intellectuals and the working-class mentality in Germany, 1887-1912, Harvard University Press, 1993, p. 227 He left the city in 1908 when he moved to Hamburg, leaving the Düsseldorf group without their leading intellectual.Nolan, Social Democracy and Society, p. 131

In Hamburg Laufenberg continued to work on the left of the SPD before becoming a member of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), which broke from the SPD following the SPD's support for German involvement in the First World War. Laufenberg's popularity grew as the war dragged on and people began to tire of involvement in the conflict.Chris Harman, The Lost Revolution: Germany 1918-1923, Haymarket Books, 2008, p. 121

On 30 November 1918, during the German Revolution, he was elected President of the Council of the Workmen and Soldiers of Hamburg.Richard A. Comfort, Revolutionary Hamburg: labor politics in the early Weimar Republic, Stanford University Press, 1966, p. 45 As head of this group Laufenberg oversaw the dissolution of Hamburg's Senate and Bürgerschaft and their replacement with Workers' Council government.Comfort, Revolutionary Hamburg, p. 46 Before long however he agreed to bring the two institutions back in what was seen as a concession to the city's business interests.Comfort, Revolutionary Hamburg, p. 48-49 Indeed, the banks in the city had threatened to withdraw credit to the city authorities if these institutions were not re-established. Under Laufenberg's lead the city suffered from severe food shortages and widespread strikes, resulting in his power base being eradicated further.Comfort, Revolutionary Hamburg, p. 54 Hamstrung by his reliance on the banks and criticism from the SPD Laufenberg's stock fell dramatically and he faced widespread demonstrations against his leadership.Harman, The Lost Revolution, p. 122 Unable to sustain his position, Laufenberg resigned on 19 January 1919 and handed leadership of the Council over to the SPD.

Laufenberg was part of the faction within the USPD which left to establish the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and before long the local party had come under the control of Laufenberg and his ally Fritz Wolffheim. The pair had been strong critics of German imperialism: in 1915 they had produced a pamphlet against German expansionism and attacking the SPD for being, as they saw it, complicit in such aggression.Ruth Fischer, John C. Leggett, Stalin and German Communism: A Study in the Origins of the State Party, Transaction Publishers, 2006, p. 92 Following the war, in October 1919, the pair made contact with Karl Radek and suggested a policy to him that they were already calling 'National Bolshevism' (although it has also been suggested that it was Radek who coined the term for Laufenberg and Wolffheim's policyBroué, Birchall, Weitz, Archer, The German Revolution, 1917-1923, p. 326). They sought a dictatorship of the proletariat which would harness German nationalism and place the country back on a war footing against the occupying Allied armies in alliance with the Soviet Union. Within such an ideology the need for class war was to be placed to one side in favour of cross class co-operation in a war of national liberation.Harman, The Lost Revolution, p. 192 The idea initially met with some enthusiasm amongst members of the Spartacus League.Fischer & Leggett, Stalin and German Communism, p. 93

Such support soon ebbed however when Vladimir Lenin publicly denounced the policy, claiming that Laufenberg was seeking a war coalition with the German bourgeoisie, before branding him as "absurd". Soon Laufenberg and Wolffheim were expelled from the KPD after they attempted to resist the leadership of Wilhelm Pieck.Fischer & Leggett, Stalin and German Communism, p. 96 Radek, after showing initial enthusiasm, soon also denounced Laufenberg's National Bolshevism vehemently.Harman, The Lost Revolution, p. 251

Laufenberg went on to become a founder member of the Communist Workers' Party of Germany (KAPD), joining Wolffheim at the Heidelberg conference establishing the party.Harman, The Lost Revolution, p. 193 By 1920 however he had been expelled from the party, with his national Bolshevism the official reason for his departure.Harman, The Lost Revolution, p. 313 Laufenberg became persona non grata in German communist circles and Radek, who had earlier been a critic, was accused of following his ways when he made a speech praising Albert Leo Schlageter in 1923.Harman, The Lost Revolution, pp. 250-252 Unlike his ally Wolffheim, who became involved in groups on the fringes of the Nazi Party, he retired from politics and in 1932 was mourned as a pioneer of National Bolshevism by Ernst Niekisch who wrote that "in 1919 Laufenberg already thought in terms of continents".

{{Reflist}}

• [http://purl.uni-rostock.de/matrikel/200005562 entry of Heinrich Laufenberg] in Rostock Matrikelportal
• Zwischen der ersten und zweiten Revolution. 1919 ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5VI2AQAAMAAJ online] (Archive.org)
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Category:1872 births

Category:1932 deaths

Category:Politicians from Cologne

Category:People from the Rhine Province

Category:Centre Party (Germany) politicians

Category:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians

Category:Independent Social Democratic Party politicians

Category:Communist Party of Germany politicians

Category:Communist Workers' Party of Germany politicians

Category:National Bolsheviks

Category:Politicians from Hamburg