Helen T. Edwards

Helen Thom was born on May 27, 1936, in Detroit, Michigan to Mary Milner Thom and Edgar Robertson Thom.{{Cite web |title=Helen Thom Edwards - Ancestry® |url=https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/helen-thom-edwards-24-1dgrx41 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.ancestry.com |language=en-US}} The youngest of five siblings, Helen spent much of her early life in Pontiac, Michigan until her family moved to a ranch in Metamora, Michigan.{{Cite book |last=Stephens |first=Nastassja |url=https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blog.umd.edu/dist/e/952/files/2021/05/HelenEdwards.pdf |title=The Life and Legacy of Helen Thom Edwards |date=May 17, 2020 |publisher=University of Maryland |format=PDF}} Thom attended the Kingswood School (now the Cranbrook Schools) in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan until 1950, when she transferred to The Madeira School in McLean, Virginia. At Madeira, Thom served as vice-head of student government and fire chief, while also participating in varsity hockey, basketball, and horseback riding. Thom’s struggles with dyslexia, a learning disorder that was widely misunderstood at the time, led her parents to believe that she was not very bright.{{Cite web |title=The Quest for Everything |url=https://www.lostwomenofscience.org/podcast-episodes/the-quest-for-everything#transcript |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.lostwomenofscience.org |language=en}} However, despite her distaste for reading and writing, Thom excelled in mathematics and science.

After graduating from The Madeira School in 1953,{{Cite web |title=Madeira Alumnae {{!}} The Madeira School |url=https://www.madeira.org/community/madeira-alums/madeira-alumnae |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.madeira.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Helen T. Edwards {{!}} SNF |url=https://snf.ieeecsc.org/contact/helen-t-edwards#memoriam |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=snf.ieeecsc.org}} Thom pursued her undergraduate studies at Cornell University, where she earned a B.S. in physics in 1957. She remained at Cornell to continue her education, working with cosmic ray specialist Kenneth Greisen on the development of electromagnetic showers. Helen met her husband, Donald Edwards, while working at the Laboratory of Nuclear Studies during her masters; they married in 1963, the same year she completed her M.S. in physics. Edwards subsequently began{{Cite web |title=Prominent researchers, both Cornell alumni, endow accelerator physics chair, the Boyce McDaniel Professorship, at Cornell {{!}} Cornell Chronicle |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2001/01/alumni-endow-boyce-mcdaniel-accelerator-physics-professorship |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=news.cornell.edu |language=en}} her doctoral studies under Boyce McDaniel in the Laboratory of Nuclear Studies at Cornell University.{{Cite book |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/11172/chapter/10 |title=Read "Biographical Memoirs: Volume 85" at NAP.edu |language=en}} In 1966, at the age of 30, Edwards completed her Ph.D. in Experimental Physics.

After earning her Ph.D, Edwards continued her work in the Laboratory of Nuclear Studies at Cornell University as a research associate. Working under Robert R. Wilson, she contributed to the final stages of the 10 GeV Synchrotron project{{cite journal |last=Mcdaniel |first=Boyce |author2=Albert Silverman |date=October 1968 |title=The 10‐GeV synchrotron at Cornell |journal=Physics Today |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=29–38 |bibcode=1968PhT....21j..29M |doi=10.1063/1.3034533}}{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Helen Edwards: pioneer of Fermilab's Tevatron |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/helen-edwards-pioneer-of-the-tevatron/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Physics World |language=en-GB}} helping to develop the “resonant beam extraction” technique, which enabled physicists to extract high-energy beams from circular accelerators. In 1967, the first particle beam circulated in the Synchrotron, and by March 1968, the accelerated reached its full energy potential of 10 GeV, the highest recorded for an electron synchrotron at the time.

That same year, Wilson, who had become the founding director of the National Laboratory (later renamed Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, or Fermilab), invited both Helen Edwards and her husband, Donald Edwards, to join him at the institution. In 1970, Helen was appointed Associate Head of the Booster Section by Wilson, where she initially worked to build the lab’s 8 GeV Booster. The accelerator successfully launched its first beam at 7 GeV in June 1971, and reached its full potential of 200 GeV by March 1972.

Edwards’s most significant contribution was her leadership in the design, construction, and operation of the Tevatron, which was the world’s first successful superconducting synchrotron{{Cite web |date=2010-12-28 |title=LAWRENCE Helen T. Edwards, 1986 {{!}} U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC) |url=https://science.osti.gov/lawrence/Award-Laureates/1980s/edwards |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=science.osti.gov |language=en-US}} and the most powerful particle collider in the world for 26 years. The Tevatron was built directly beneath the Main Ring at Fermilab and boasted a circumference of about 6.5 km, or 4 miles.{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Valerie |date=2021-03-08 |title=A brief history of women of Fermilab |url=https://news.fnal.gov/2021/03/a-brief-history-of-women-of-fermilab/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=News |language=en-US}} Using superconducting magnets to accelerate protons and antiprotons at 1 trillion electron volts (TeV),"Helen T. Edwards." Notable Women Scientists, Gale, 2009. Gale In Context: Biography, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1668000111/BIC?u=columbiau&sid=summon&xid=5bbd1685. Accessed 15 Mar. 2025. particles could reach 99.999954% of the speed of light. Traveling at such high speeds, particles collided at about 2 TeV to create energy levels similar to those of the atoms from a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. As hypothesized by the Standard Model, these collisions would provide insight into the simplest building block of matter: the interior of atoms themselves.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Building Blocks - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/overview/building-blocks/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |language=en-US}}  

On July 5, 1979, the US Department of Energy authorized the Tevatron’s construction,{{Cite web |last= |date=2011-09-30 |title=Tevatron shuts down, but analysis continues |url=https://news.fnal.gov/2011/09/tevatron-shuts-analysis-continues/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=News |language=en-US}} and Leon M. Lederman, Fermilab’s second director, placed Edwards in charge of the project. Among her significant contributions to the design and implementation of the Tevatron, she developed a system that enabled the Tevatron to detect antiprotons and protons from different sources nearly simultaneously. According to Paul Czarapata, an engineer who worked at Fermilab alongside Edwards, “[Helen] was behind everything that happened every day. Sometimes I wondered if she lived there 24 hours a day.”

On March 18, 1983, the final magnet was installed on the Tevatron, creating a total of 774 superconducting magnets. Each magnet contained over 20 miles of superconducting wire in the Rutherford cable form; in total, Fermilab is estimated to have purchased 95% of the niobium-titanium ever produced in human history. In July 1983, the machine fired its first particles, reaching a world-record speed of 512 GeV.{{Cite web |last=Wisniewski |first=Rhianna |date=2012-02-01 |title=The Tevatron's proud legacy {{!}} symmetry magazine |url=https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/february-2012/tevatrons-proud-legacy?language_content_entity=und |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.symmetrymagazine.org |language=en}} Physicist Dmitri Denisov, who helped update the Tevatron, notes that "The Tevatron is the particle physics equivalent of landing on the moon. We achieved something that, scientifically and technically, wasn't possible before."

The Tevatron recorded its first proton-antiproton collisions in 1985 and was used to find the top quark in 1995 and the tau neutrino in 2000. Using the mass of the top quark from the Tevatron, physicists were able to calculate the mass of the crucial Higgs boson.

In 1987, Edwards became head of the Accelerator Division, continuing to lead the research on the Tevatron. Between 1989 and 1991, she served as Technical Director of the 54-mile Superconducting Super Collider in Texas, which aimed to create collisions at 40 TeV. However, the project fell short due to funding cuts.

After 1992, Edwards continued her work at Fermilab as a guest scientist, where she made significant contributions to the development of high-gradient, superconducting linear accelerators as well as bright,intense electron sources. She collaborated with scientists at DESY in Hamburg, Germany to develop the TESLA superconducting linear collider and the photoinjector for the TESLA Test Facility (FLASH).

In September 2011, the Tevatron was shut down, marking the end of its groundbreaking contributions to particle physics. Edwards, wearing a cowboy hat in homage to the nickname for the Accelerator Division team, pushed the button to halt its operations.  

• 1966-70 Research Associate, 10 GEV Electron Synchrotron, Cornell University
• 1970-87 Associate Head of the Booster Group, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
• 1987-89 Head, Accelerator Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
• 1988 MacArthur Fellow
• 1989-92 Head & Associate Director, Superconducting Division, Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory, Dallas
• 1992–2010 Guest scientist, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

• USPAS Prize for Achievement in Accelerator Physics and Technology (1985){{Cite web |title=USPAS {{!}} About {{!}} USPAS Prize {{!}} Past Prize Winners |url=https://uspas.fnal.gov/about/prize/prize-winners.shtml |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=uspas.fnal.gov}}{{Cite web |title=Helen Edwards Receives 1985 Physics Award |url=https://history.fnal.gov/historical/people/edwards_received_1985_award.html#:~:text=Edwards%20was%20cited%20for%20her,during%20the%20Summer%20Accelerator%20School |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=history.fnal.gov}}
• E. O. Lawrence Award, U.S. Department of Energy (1986)
• MacArthur Foundation Fellowship (1988)
• Elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1988){{Cite web |title=Dr. Helen T. Edwards |url=https://www.nae.edu/27753/Dr-Helen-T-Edwards |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=NAE Website |language=en}}
• National Medal of Technology (1989){{Cite web |title=Dr. Helen T. Edwards |url=https://www.nae.edu/27753/Dr-Helen-T-Edwards |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=NAE Website |language=en}}
• American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1996){{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Helen Thom Edwards {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/helen-thom-edwards |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.amacad.org |language=en}}
• Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators Recipient from the American Physical Society (2003){{Cite web |last= |date=2002-10-22 |title=Fermilab’s Helen Edwards Receives Prestigious 2003 Robert R. Wilson Prize from the American Physical Society |url=https://news.fnal.gov/2002/10/fermilabs-helen-edwards-receives-prestigious-2003-robert-r-wilson-prize-american-physical-society/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=News |language=en-US}}

Six years after Edwards's death, a bill was introduced in the US Senate and US House of Representatives in 2022 to rename Fermilab’s Integrated Engineering Research Center in honor of the late Helen Edwards.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Foster, Durbin, Duckworth Introduce Resolution to Name Fermilab Research Center After Renowned Physicist Dr. Helen Edwards {{!}} Congressman Bill Foster |url=https://foster.house.gov/media/press-releases/foster-durbin-duckworth-introduce-resolution-name-fermilab-research-center |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=foster.house.gov |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Legislators hope to rename center after particle physicist Edwards - South Southwest |url=https://digitaledition.chicagotribune.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=6aaaeb9f-a406-473c-a745-397e1e758e05 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=digitaledition.chicagotribune.com}} Additionally, Fermilab established the Helen Edwards Summer Internship, which provides students studying physics and engineering in Europe with the opportunity to work with scientists at Fermilab.{{Cite web |title=Internships for International Students Studying out of Country {{!}} Internships |url=https://internships.fnal.gov/internships-for-international-students-studying-out-of-country/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |language=en-US}}

Helen met Donald Edwards, a doctoral student at Cornell, while working in the Laboratory of Nuclear Studies during her master's program. The couple married in 1963 and collaborated on numerous projects throughout their careers, including their work at Fermilab.{{Cite web |date=March 19, 1970 |title=Helen Edwards is Associate Head of Booster Section |url=https://history.fnal.gov/historical/people/edwards_associate_head.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=history.fnal.gov}}

In 1992, Helen and Donald Edwards retired in Montana, where Helen, a lifelong nature lover, pursued her passion for photographing wildlife. Despite retiring, they continued contributing to the field as guest scientists at Fermilab until 2010.

In 2001, Helen and Donald demonstrated their enduring commitment to the advancement of the field by endowing a chair in accelerator physics at their alma mater, Cornell University.

• "Bypass For the Doubler or Main Ring" (Jul 1973)Edwards, H. T. (1973). Bypass For the Doubler or Main Ring. eConf, C7307091V2, 255.
• "Injection and Stacking in the 30 To 7--GeV Storage Ring" (Jul 1973)Edwards, H. T. (1973). Injection and Stacking in the 30 To 70-GeV Storage Ring. eConf, C7307091V2, 249.
• "Injection and Extraction For the Energy Doubler" (Jul 1973)Edwards, H. T. (1973). Injection and Extraction For the Energy Doubler. eConf, C7307091V2, 293.
• "Injection and Stacking in the Large Storage Rings" (Jul 1973)Edwards, H. T. (1973). Injection and Stacking in the Large Storage Rings. eConf, C7307091V2, 193.
• "Beam Extraction" (May 1974)Edwards, H. T. (1974). Beam Extraction. 9th International Conference on High-Energy Accelerators, 447–450.
• "Proposal for Satellite Refrigeration Control Interface" (Sep 1979)Edwards, H. (9 1979). Proposal for Satellite Refrigeration Control Interface. doi:10.2172/1156052
• "Design of the energy doubler" (Jan 1979)Edwards, H. T. (1979). Design of the Energy Doubler. doi:10.2172/1156011
• "The Energy Saver Test and Commissioning History" (Aug 1983)Edwards, H. (1983). The Energy Saver Test and Commissioning History. Conf. Proc. C, 830811, 1–9.
• "The Tevatron Energy Doubler: A Superconducting Accelerator" (Dec 1985){{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=H. T. |date=1985-12-01 |title=The Tevatron Energy Doubler: A Superconducting Accelerator |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ns.35.120185.003133 |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |language=en |volume=35 |issue= |pages=605–660 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ns.35.120185.003133 |issn=0163-8998}}
• "The Fermilab Tevatron and PBAR Source: Status Report" (Aug 1986) Edwards, H. (1986). THE FERMILAB TEVATRON AND PBAR SOURCE: STATUS REPORT. 13th International Conference on High-Energy Accelerators, 20–27.
• "The Fermilab Tevatron and Pbar Source Status Report" (Aug 1986)Edwards, H. (1986). The Fermilab Tevatron and Pbar Source Status Report. 1, 20–27. 
• "The Superconducting Super Collider" (June 1990) Edwards, H. T. (1990). The Superconducting Super Collider. Conf. Proc. C, 900612, 356–360.
• "SSC design status" (1990)Edwards, H. T. (1990). SSC design status. Part. Accel., 26, 151–165.
• "Study on Beam Tube Vacuum with Consideration of Synchrotron Light, Potential Liner Intercept, and Collider Quad/Spool Coil Diameter" (Aug 1991)Edwards, H. T. (1991). Study on Beam Tube Vacuum with Consideration of Synchrotron Light, Potential Liner Intercept, and Collider Quad/Spool Coil Diameter.
• "Progress report on the TESLA test facility" (May 1993)Edwards, H. T. (8 1993). Progress report on the TESLA test facility. 1993 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC 93), 537–539.
• "TESLA parameters update: A Progress report on the TESLA collider design" (1994)Edwards, H. T. (1994). TESLA parameters update: A Progress report on the TESLA collider design. Part. Accel., 46, 185–196.
• "A Report on Fermilab SRF Activities and Proposals" (Nov 1999) Edwards, H. T. (11 1999). A Report on Fermilab SRF Activities and Proposals. 9th Workshop on RF Superconductivity - Accelerator Technology for the 21st Century, WEA006.

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• "The superconducting TESLA cavities" (Mar 2000)Aune, B., & Others. (2000). The superconducting TESLA cavities. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, 3, 092001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.3.092001
• "RF Superconductivity: Enabling Technology for the Future" (May 2003)Edwards, H. T. (2003). RF Superconductivity: Enabling Technology for the Future. Conf. Proc. C, 030512, 447.
• "International Linear Collider Reference Design Report Volume 2: Physics at the ILC" (Sep 2007) Aarons, G., & Others. (2007). International Linear Collider Reference Design Report Volume 2: Physics at the ILC. arXiv [Hep-Ph]. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.1893
• "Operation of a free-electron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window" (2007)Ackermann, W., & Others. (2007). Operation of a free-electron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window. Nature Photon., 1, 336–342. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.76

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• {{cite book|last=Anderson |first=Olga |chapter=Helen T. Edwards |editor-last=McMurray|editor-first=Emily J.|title=Notable twentieth-century scientists|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/notabletwentieth01mcmu |chapter-url-access=registration |year=1995|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit, MI|isbn=978-0810391819|editor2-last=Kosek |editor2-first=Jane Kelly |editor3-first=Roger M. |editor3-last=Valade III}}
• {{cite book |last=Lanam |first=Richard D. |title=American Men and Women of Science, 1995-96 |url=http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/refdb/amw1994-847325589.html |access-date=12 October 2013 |year=1994 |publisher=R.R. Bowker |location=New Providence, NJ |isbn=978-0835234634 }}
• {{cite book |last=Oakes |first=Elizabeth H. |title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPRB-OED1bcC&q=Helen%20T.%20Edwards%20physics%20biography&pg=PA202 |access-date=12 Oct 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438118826 |page=202}}
• {{cite web |url=http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Edwards,_Helen_T.@881234567.html |title=Helen Thom Edwards |last1=Pellegrini |first1=Claudio |website=Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics |publisher=University of California |access-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806152934/http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Edwards,_Helen_T.@881234567.html |archive-date=6 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |last=Peoples |first=John |title=Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82197-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/outofshadowscont0000unse }}
• {{cite book|first=Darin C.|last=Savage|chapter=Helen T. Edwards|editor-last=Shearer|editor-first=Benjamin F.|title=Notable women in the physical sciences : a biographical dictionary|year=1997|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=9780313293030|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313293030/page/80 80–?]|edition=1. publ.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313293030/page/80}}
• [https://www.fnal.gov/pub/ferminews/ferminews02-11-22/edwards2.jpg Link to image of Helen T. Edwards]

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