Helianthus strumosus
{{Short description|Species of sunflower}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Helianthus strumosus.jpg
|status = G5
|status_system = TNC
|genus = Helianthus
|species = strumosus
|authority = L.
|synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=Synonymy
|Helianthus chartaceus E.Watson
|Helianthus decapetalus Darl.
|Helianthus macrophyllus Willd.
}}}}
Helianthus strumosus, the pale-leaf woodland sunflower,{{PLANTS|id=HEST|taxon=Helianthus strumosus|accessdate=14 March 2019}} is a species of sunflower native to North America east of the Great Plains and is in the family Asteraceae.{{BONAP|ref|genus=Helianthus|species=strumosus|accessdate=26 April 2019}} It is a native perennial sunflower that resembles other members of this family including the Pale Sunflower (H. decapetalus), Woodland Sunflower (H. divaricatus), Hispid Sunflower (H. hirsutus), and Jerusalem Artichoke (H. tuberosus).{{Cite book|title=The Sunflower Family in the Upper Midwest: a Photographic Guide to the Asteraceae in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin|last1=Antonio|first1=Thomas M|last2=Masi|first2=Susanne|date=2013|isbn=978-1-883362-12-6|oclc=1040764069}} Pale-leaf sunflowers can be found in a diverse range of habitats including woodland areas, prairies, and meadows, providing that these habitats have access to partial sun.{{Cite web|url=https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/paleleavedsunflower.html|title=Pale-leaf Woodland Sunflower, Helianthus strumosus L.|website=www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org|access-date=2019-12-01}}
Description
File:Helianthus strumosus stem.jpg
Growing from a rhizomatous root system, H. strumosus grows from three to eight feet in height. The pale-leaf sunflower can be difficult to distinguish since it is the most variable of the sunflowers. Some distinguishing features include the petioles, leaves, and stem. The petioles are an inch in length. The leaves tend to be thick and more narrow than other species. The leaves are white underneath.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/helianthus-strumosus|title=Helianthus strumosus (Woodland Sunflower)|website=Gardenia.net|access-date=2019-12-01}} H. strumosus also has a definitively smooth stem.{{Cite web|url=https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/|title=Friends of The Wild Flower Garden Home Page|website=www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org|access-date=2019-12-02}} The flower head of H. strumosus has a yellow center surrounded by a variable (usually 8-20) number of yellow ray florets.
Distribution
Helianthus strumosus is a widely distributed in North America. It is found in the central and eastern United States, and southeastern parts of Canada. It is found more regularly in non-wetland areas, although it can occur in wetlands. The woodland sunflower is normally found in moist to moderately moist and sandy to loamy sandy areas. H. strumosus grows in natural, disturbed, and man-made habitats. The population can quickly become dense.{{Cite web|url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/helianthus/strumosus/|title=Helianthus strumosus (pale-leaved sunflower): Go Botany|website=gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org|access-date=2019-12-01}} These flowers must go through a minimum 30 day cold stratification before they are able to germinate.
Pathogens
Helianthus strumosus has been known to be attacked by the pyreno mycetous fungus Gibberidea heliopsis.{{Cite journal|last=Mason|first=D. L.|date=September 1973|title=Host-Parasite Relations in the Gibberidea Disease of Helianthus strumosus|journal=Mycologia|volume=65|issue=5|pages=1158–1170|doi=10.2307/3758295|jstor=3758295|issn=0027-5514}} This fungus attacks not only various species of the Heliantheae tribe, but also within the Astereae tribes. The fungus has been found in the southern parts of Wisconsin with Helianthus strumosus being one of the fungus primary target. The Gibberidea disease is most recognized on Helianthus strumosus with black lesions running along the side or encircling the stem of the flower. Another distinguishing feature of the disease are papillate surface of mature lesions that can be seen with a hand lens since the fungal papillae breaks through or replaces the epidermis. The first symptoms of the disease are seen around late May and occur on the sides of young leaf blades.
Uses
The roots of H. strumosus are one of the only edible parts of the plant. They can be boiled down to make a liquor that has been used to treat adults and children with worms.{{Cite web|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+strumosus|title=Helianthus strumosus Paleleaf Woodland Sunflower PFAF Plant Database|website=pfaf.org|access-date=2019-12-02}} The roots can also be used to make an infusion to help with lung related problems. Seeds from this sunflower can be used to make an oil for cooking and soap making.{{Cite web|url=https://www.morningskygreenery.com/product/helianthus-strumosus/|title=Helianthus strumosus|website=Morning Sky Greenery|access-date=2019-12-02}}